1. DELIAN LEAGUE New alliance known as Delian League (478-77 BC) –Sparta created smaller alliance called Peloponnesian League Purpose of Delian League was offensive and defensive –Athens dominated decision-making process –Military commanders were all Athenians –Athens administered finances and took 50% of all loot Athens dominated the Delian League from the very start

2. EXPANSION OF ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY Athenian democracy continued to evolve under reforms of Pericles –Fundamental motivation was military necessity With rise of Athenian naval power, the military importance of rowers increased –Generally poor men who did hard physical labor for low pay under hazardous conditions –Generally were not citizens Began to pressure government for political participation and rights Their demands were ultimately granted and thereby paved the way for an expansion of democracy in Athens

3. CIMON vs PERICLES Pericles’ most powerful rival was Cimon –Successful general and talented speaker –Advocated pro- Spartan foreign policy Pericles advocated opposite policy –Advocated crippling Sparta before she would take inevitable revenge on Athens Pericles Cimon

4. PERICLES WINS Cimon insulted by Spartans when he arrived to help them put down revolt by helots –Pericles used episode to work up public opinion against Cimon Cimon ultimately ostracized Pericles’ anti-Spartan orientation became official Athenian policy –Athens makes alliance with Spartan enemies, Argos and Thessaly

5. OUTBREAK OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR Hostility between Athens and Sparta escalated until it culminated in war in 459 BC –Spartan army was blocked from returning from Boeotia by Athenian army Spartans retaliated by attacking Athens –Resulted in Battle of Tanagra –Spartans win but suffer enough losses that they return home instead of decimating Athens

6. ATHENS GAINS THE UPPER HAND Athenians regroup and attack Sparta’s allies between Attica and the Peloponnese –Especially Megara –Sparta is forced to deal with Helot revolts and cannot help –Blocked future invasion by Sparta –By 457, Athens had cut off the attack route of the Spartans and had control over much of Greece Athens and Sparta sign 5 year truce in 455

7. CHANGES IN THE DELIAN LEAGUE Athens began to act unilaterally –Did not consult “allies” in Delian League Did not even hold meetings anymore Naxos and Thasos tried to drop out of the League but Athens forced them to stay League funds began to be used exclusively for Athenian purposes By 446, Athens had clearly transformed the League into its personal empire

8. TROUBLE FOR ATHENS Argos left Delian League in 451 and made alliance with Sparta –Boeotia did same in 446 –Megara broke free in 446 Exposed Athens to land assault by Sparta Athens signs 30-year truce with Sparta –Prompted by these reversals

9. SECOND PELOPONNESIAN WAR Truce remained in force for 15 years –Sparta was afraid that commitment to war would encourage another Helot uprising aided by Athenian naval power which would inevitably lead to attacks on her allies and Sparta itself Sparta went to war again against Athens in 446 –Because of Athenian attempts to take over Corinth and Megara Athens lost everything because: –its allies used war to assert independence –it wasted resources on useless attack on Sicily –of internal turmoil after death of Pericles –Sparta was aided by Persia

10. SPARTAN PROBLEMS Sparta won but did not emerged unscathed –Citizen population decimated Still tried to establish empire in Greece –Broke down isolation which had long preserved Spartan society –Left it open to corrupting influences from rest of Greece –Fundamental egalitarianism of city-state broke down Power struggles erupted between different factions

11. MORE SPARTAN PROBLEMS Sparta experienced chronic manpower shortage in its army –Increasingly forced to rely on mercenaries No longer had a citizen army Drained Sparta of economic resources Committed fundamental foreign policy errors –Attack on Persians in Ionia allowed creation of anti- Spartan alliance in Greece –Spartan forces defeated several times by members of alliance (notably Thebes) Slipped into the ranks of just another poor Greek city-state

12. END OF THE GOLDEN AGE Thebes then emerged as the supreme power in Greece and immediately tried to establish an empire Wasted its advantage in population and resources in a series of useless wars By 336, Thebes was completely exhausted and all of Greece was in a state of chronic decay Too weak now to defend itself against any foreign invader who decided to attack Greece Thebes