1. The Byzantine and Islamic Empires

2. ByzantineBothIslamic Led by Eastern Orthodox Christianity(Caesarop apism) Justinian’s Code Constantinople Eastern Roman Empire Theodora Crusades Had schisms in their faith Skilled military Laws Centralized Supported peaceful negotiations but frequently fought wars Fought Crusades against each other Led by Caliph (successor to Muhammad) Sharia Damascus, the Baghdad Umayyad then Abbasid Caliphates Khadija Jihad

3. Byzantine BothIslam Mediterranean, Black Sea Trade Taxed non-citizens Constantinople crossroads of trade Use of Bezant Influenced Russia through trade Known for silk production Controlled lucrative trade routes Placed tariffs on imports Flourished as a result of their strategic location along trade route Both utilized pre- existing trade routes Both had laws which regulated trade Arabian, Saharan, Silk route in Addition to Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, Black, Arabian, Caspian and Persian Gulf Placed Jizya on non-Muslims Great trading cities like Cordova, Cairo, Baghdad, Damascus, Jerusalem, Medina and mecca Payment of wages for workers of manufactured products Formerly nomadic merchants Facilitated trade in banking, partnerships, credit and word trafiq

4. Byzantine BothIslam Eastern Orthodox Christianity Greek Mosaics Intolerant of other religions Justinian’s Plague Greek fire Public schools Professional military Influence Russia (onion-dome, Cyrillic Alphabet, Eastern Orthodox Christianity) Religion inspired building projects like Domed churches and Mosques Both forbade use of icons Both had divisions within religions both veiled women Both had harems preserved Greek and Roman culture Sunni, Shiite, Sufi Islam Arabic Calligraphy Tolerant of other religions Physicians treated disease Scimitar Madrassas

5.  Docs # 1, 3,  All discuss the importance of medical advancements to help cure the leaders of various ills. They are written by scholars who proclaim that these advancements came through the preservation of earlier medical knowledge but, also, secured it for Europeans during the Renaissance, Surely disease was present in cities and treatment was essential. The question is was it borrowed or stolen and at whose expense? Doc 6, 7 and 8 Could also be utilized to illustrate the power and justification of authority of the Caliphate. The Quran symbolizes the measure and authority of the one true God with the Caliph as the successor to the prophet on Earth, The Dome of the Rock illustrates the place where Muhammad ascended into Heaven (Jerusalem) although it borrows heavily from the Byzantine Empire.

6.  Documents #2 capital of Cordova in Spain was a thriving city built by Mediterranean trade (or was it European trade) which was described as a jewel  Documents# 4 were advances in math which could have benefitted merchants and engineers. Although it may have been taken from the Greeks and Indians. Clearly it will facilitate intense trading relations  Document #5 helped merchants navigate the location of trade routes, notable cities and the direction of Mecca (might this have helped conquering too?)  Document #9 discusses Arab mastery of land and sea routes (they were originally nomadic merchants) but they also did master by the sword (Jihad?) this is where you list trade routes for more historical context

7.  Document #1 discusses the curiosity to seek the light and Wisdom of Allah. One can lead this paragraph with this document and cite all other advances (2-9) but what role did Persia, Greece, Rome and India play ?  Document #2 illustrates the importance of literacy and indicates that access to these repositories of scholarship would make their wise men brilliant ( or was it a rouse?)  Document #6 Illustrates how the light of Islam also creates beautiful calligraphy and art. Always mindful not to use idols(idolatry) their koranic verse takes many shapes and forms in their books, Mosques and libraries (or was it Persian, Greek and Chinese?)