1. Unit 2 National Government Topic 1: Three Branches Topic 2: Checks and Balances Topic 3: Bill to Law

2. Topic 1: Three Branches of Government Legislative Branch (THEY MAKE THE LAWS) A. Organization 1. Bicameral - House of Representatives -Based on Population; Census -435 Members -Gerrymandering -Can Impeach! -Senate -Based on Equal Representation -100 Members 2. Sessions -Two year periods 3. Majority v. Minority Parties -Party Whips

3. B. Congressional Leadership 1. House of Representatives -Speaker of the House (Maj) -Chooses what to talk about 2. Senate -President Pro Tempore -Vice President’s Role -Must take bills in order C. Congressional Committees 1. Standing Committees 2. Select/Joint -Seniority System 3. Conference Committees D. Powers of Congress 1. Expressed Powers 2. Implied Powers 3. Impeach 4. Block Appointments 5. Propose Amendments

4. E. Limits on Congressional Power 1. Writ of Habeas Corpus 2. Bills of Attainder 3. Ex Post Facto Laws F. Qualifications for HoRep 1. 25 yrs old 2. 7 yr U.S. Citizen 3. Live in state to represent G. Qualifications for Senate 1. 30 yrs old 2. 9 yr U.S. Citizen 3. Live in state to represent H. Benefits 1. $165,200 year 2. Franking Privilege

5. II. Executive Branch (THEY ENFORCE THE LAWS) A.President 1.Top Dog 2.Qualifications: -at least 35 years old -Native-born American Citizen -Resident of the U.S. for at least 14 yrs -More experience is necessary, Why? 3. In the past -First President of the U.S. -First Catholic -First African American Candidate -First woman candidate for V.P -First Jewish candidate for V.P.

6. 4. Electing Process -Every 4 years -Electoral College System *Not Popular Vote *Electoral votes (#House +#Senate) *Population Issues *270/538 *No majority goes to House -22nd Amendment -EC Movie Clip 5. Salary & Benefits -$400,000 year -$ for expenses -White House, 80 Servants -Camp David, Air Force One

7. B. Vice President 1. Electing Process -WITH the President -Same qualifications 2. Major Powers -Presides over Senate -Votes in case of tie (ARTICLE 1) C. Presidential Succession 1. 25th Amendment -Vice President -Speaker of the House -President Pro Tempore -Secretary of State -Secretary of Defense -Attorney General -Secretary of the Interior.. Page 211

8. D. Presidential Powers 1. Veto Legislation (BILLS) 2. Call Congressional Special Session 3. Commander in Chief 4. Foreign Relations 5. Make Treaties 6. Appoint Judges, Ambassadors (senate approves) 7. Pardon or Reprieve 8. War Powers Act of 1973 E. Presidential Roles 1. Chief Executive -Executive Orders -Appointments 2. Chief Diplomat -Foreign Relations 3. Commander in Chief -In charge of the military -Declare war with Congressional approval 4. Head of State

9. F. Presidential Cabinet 1. Secretary of State 2. Secretary of Defense 3. Secretary of Treasury 4. Attorney General 5. Page 227 G. Executive Office of the President 1. 500 people total 2. 10-12 personal advisors 3. Chief of Staff G. Agencies 1. FDA, CDC, EPA

10. III. Judicial Branch A. THEY INTERPRET THE LAWS (Article III) 1. Equal Justice 2. Settle civil disputes 3. Decide innocence or guilt 4. Adversarial in Nature B. Federal Courts Organization 1. U.S. Supreme Court 2. Court of appeals 3. District Courts C. State Court System Organization 1. Supreme Court 2. Court of appeals 3. Superior Court 4. District Courts

11. D. Federal Court Jurisdiction 1. Authority -Constitution -Federal laws -Disputes b/w states -Citizens of different states -Federal Gov’t -Foreign Gov’t and treaties -Admiralty and Maritime Laws -U.S. Diplomats 2. Types -Exclusive Jurisdiction -Concurrent Jurisdiction -Criminal, Civil, Administrative, Statutory *U.S. Supreme Court has BOTH (Constitutional) -Original Jurisdiction -Appellate Jurisdiction

12. Federal Court Systems Supreme Courts=Appellate Jurisdiction Courts of Appeals=Appellate Jurisdiction District Courts=Original Jurisdiction =Magistrates Opinions & Precedent -Federal Judges=Appointed -Adversarial in Nature -Plea Bargaining -District Courts hold all types of trials!

13. E. Supreme Court 1. Organization -9 Members (8 +1) -Appointed & approved -Chooses what cases they hear -Top decision-makers 2. Powers -Judicial Review -Marbury v. Madison -SERVE FOR LIFE 3. Limits -Can only hear cases sent to it 4. Court Procedures -Oct-June/July -Docket -Brief, Arguments, Conferences

14. 5. Opinions Majority Concurring Dissenting Reasons: -Social Conditions *KEY 6. Important Cases -Marbury v. Madison -Roe v. Wade -Plessy v. Ferguson -Brown v. Board of Education -Tinker v. Des Moines -Miranda v. Arizona -Gideon v. Wainwright -Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg -State v. Mann -Korematsu v. United States. -Dred Scott v. Sandford -Texas v. Johnson -Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeir -McCulloch v. Maryland -Gibbons v. Ogden -N.J. v. T.L.O -Mapp v. Ohio

15. Topic 2: Checks and Balances I.Purpose II.Examples 1.Veto 2.Impeach 3.2/3rd over-ride 4.Electoral College 5.Judicial Review 6.Federal Bureaucracy III. War Powers Act of 1973 -Can’t bypass the Constitution

17. Topic 3: Bill to Law I.Types 1.Public ($ in House!!) 2.Private 3.Joint Resolutions 4.Civil, Criminal, Administrative, Statutory 1.Ex: EPA regulations II.From Bill-Law 1.Idea -Citizens, Interest Groups, White House -Given a Title & Number (S.1, H.R.105) 2. Committee Action -Standing Committee (experts) -Pass, Change, Replace, Ignore, Kill 3. Debate -Argue over good/bad points -House; Priority, Senate; Order -Fillibuster, Cloture

18. 4. Vote -Voice, Standing, Roll-Call, Electronically -Identical versions must be passed -If either house rejects, bill dies 5. Conference Committee -Settle Differences 6. Presidential Action -Veto (2/3 Majority to override) -Pocket Veto -Sign