1. Ch. 9-4: New Technology Windmills helped pump water Barbed wire fences est. land boundaries Steel plow helped break up the sod Railroads brought goods West

3. Windmills

4. Railroads

5. Changing Frontier Great Plains- Native Americans forced into the plains in the early 1800’s now being forced out with U.S. Expansion Mining Frontier- Gold found in Colorado & California

6. Cattle Frontier Cowboys drove cattle from Texas to Abilene, Kansas Ranchers and Farmers constantly fought over land Rise of the Wicky Wild Wild West

9. Cattle Drives

10. Cowboys

11. John Wayne- The True American Cowboy

12. Frontier Life Women played a key role in the settlement of the west. 1890 U.S. officially declared the frontier no longer exist Frontier was a safety valve, and democratized America

13. Native American Wars Natives relied on Buffalo for their main source of food Treaties continued to be signed and broken by the U.S. Govt. Late 1800’s Govt. & Indians finally clashed

14. Little Bighorn River Crazy Horse led Sioux warriors against Col. Custer in 1876 Custer and 210 soldiers killed Wounded Knee Creek- U.S. govt. killed over 300 Sioux in 1890

15. Chief Joseph- led the Nez Perce Indians and begged for his people to be left alone Reservation- area of fixed boundaries for Native Americans alone

16. Reasons for Failures Natives fought as groups not as one force Tribes were small U.S. Army was larger and had more advanced weapons

17. Dawes Act 1887 Govt. gave 160 acres of land to the head of households Indians are traditionally hunters not farmers Most sold or rented the land to whites Goal was to Americanize the Indians

18. Civil Rights for Natives Dawes Act did very little Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)- was very corrupt Most Natives lived in poverty on the reservations

20. American Indian Movement- tried to achieve some compensation for the Natives in the 1970’s Courts are rewarding tribes lost land and Casino rights today