1. Warm Up #1 How did the Chapter 23 test compare to Chapter 1? Starting with cells, name as many the levels of organization as you can (going up from smallest to largest) What, to you, mean that something is “living?” What attributes does this thing/person need to have?

2. Ecology, Ecosystems and Foodwebs Chapter 4

3. What’s Life, Anyway? Checklist of categories: Enable Growth and Change Survival Reproduction

4. Step 1: Life is made of cells Cells – basic units of life Discovered by Hooke (cork) Can be unicellular (bacteria) or multi-cellular (humans) Each cell contains genetic material (DNA/RNA) HIV – a beautifully simply viral cell

5. Step 2: Life has DNA DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid Instructions for new cell production Origination of life = RNA (ribonucleic acid)? Also code for proteins Which came first, the DNA or the RNA? Either way, this soup looks pretty gross.

6. Steps 3 and 4: Life is homeostatic and evolves over time Homeostasis = balance internal conditions (negative feedback loop) Adjusts to changes in outside environment Evolution – change in genetic composition over time

7. Step 5: Life “does it”…reproduces that is.. Asexual reproduction (mitosis) – producing identical cells of the parent cell Sexual reproduction (meiosis) – producing daughter cells with traits of male and female parent cells. A benefit to asexual reproduction – you never need to worry about the “let’s just be friends” card

8. Step 6: Life takes matter and makes energy (food. Mmmm, food) Metabolism –a set of chemical reactions that converts matter into usable energy for the cell The Virus Question: is a virus alive? “is butter a carb?” “…yes.”

9. Warm Up #2 Approximately how many calories did you eat in one day, based on the data collected in Friday’s Energy Diet Activity? Would you say this was accurate? If not, do you think you eat more or less than that a day? Where are most of your energy (calories) coming from in your food, carbs, protein or fat? In a particular ecosystem, the soil is very nutrient-rich at a pH of around 6.9. Acid rain caused by fossil fuel burning starts to affect the soil. How will this affect the ecosystem? Why do you think so?

10. Ecosystems and Food Webs

11. What is an Ecosystem? Ecosystem – community of different species interacting with one another and with nonliving environment of matter and energy. Shares same climate – long- term weather Matter – anything that takes up space and has mass A lake ecosystem, what is that hawk diving for?

12. Ecosystem: Non-Living Factors Abiotic Factors – non-living components of an ecosystem Rocks, water, soil “A-” = not; “Bio-” = living Abiotic factors affecting environment: Temperature Salinity of water pH of soil/water Precipitation

13. Setting Ecosystem Boundaries Ecotone – a transitional zone from one ecosystem to another Contains mixture of species from both ecosystems Revisiting: Riparian Zones, why are they important? Mangrove Forests – Florida’s dying ecotone

14. Real Life Drama: Mangroves in Florida Mangrove – a tree found on coastal regions of Florida Obtains freshwater from saltwater Estuary - partly enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea Human activity = less mangroves

15. Effects on Loss of Mangroves Range of Tolerance – Amount of physical and chemical change to an environment an organism can handle (Stress Zone) Limiting Factor Principle – abiotic factor that can limit/prevent growth of species Mangroves  Salinity = amount of salt in water Precipitation is the limiting factor in this example. What are other limiting factors you can think of?

16. Quick Quiz #2 You are in a desert. Give two examples of abiotic factors and two examples of biotic factors in a desert. Why are estuaries, like mangrove forests, important? We used salinity in the Mangrove Forest example. Name some other examples of limiting factors? Give an example of how one of those limiting factors can influence the tolerance of an environment.

17. Warm Up #6 Scenario: A storm has hit a certain area of Eastern Pennsylvania, with a large amount of rainfall. Surprisingly crops begin to die as a result. When ecologists tested the soil of the affected area, they found the pH to be more acidic than they had thought. 1. List the abiotic factors in this particular scenario? 2. What is the limiting factor in this scenario? How do you know? 3. Using the terms “tolerance” and “stress” in your answer, why were crops dying with this acid rain?

18. Energy Flow Within an Ecosystem

19. Here Comes the Sun… THE SUN Main energy source for life on Earth (1.7 million Calories!!) Makes energy  Nuclear Fusion 4 hydrogen atoms  1 helium atom + ENERGY Other Energy Source: Chemical Compounds Found underground/in VERY deep water

20. Review: Photosynthesis Producers – make their own energy (Autotrophs) Photosynthesis Equation: H 2 0 + CO 2 + Light Energy  Glucose and Oxygen Light MUST BE present What about when NO light is present?

21. Chemosynthesis: Extreme Circumstances Typically used by remotely- located bacteria (volcanoes, hot springs) No light present CO 2 + H 2 0 + Sulfide Compounds + Chem Energy  Carbs

22. CONSUMERS Also known as Heterotrophs – obtain energy from other organisms Types: Herbivores – Eat only plants (cows) Carnivores – Eat only animals (dogs) Omnivores – Eat both plants and animals (humans) Detritivores/Decomposers - Eat dead organic matter (earthworms, fungi)

23. Feeding Relationships Energy Flow = ONE DIRECTION! Different levels = Trophic Levels Sun/Inorganic Compounds  Autotrophs  Heterotrophs OR Sun  Producers  Consumers

24. Two Types Food Chain – A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten Food Web – A feeding network of complex interactions among various organisms More Realistic!

25. Energy Pyramid Ecological Efficiency - % of energy available at each trophic level 90% of energy lost going up trophic level!! Biomass – Amount of living tissue within trophic level 98.8% of energy from sun is NOT used

26. Should We Be Vegetarians? Herbivores = Vegetarians Vegetarians eat 90% more biomass than meat eaters Grasshoppers, Humans and Frogs (Oh my!) 1 % 10 % 100% available energy Vegetarian

27. Quick Quiz #3 As you go up each trophic level, 90% of the energy in the previous trophic level is lost. Where is this energy going? Is this an ecologically efficient process? How do carnivores differ from omnivores? Under what circumstances would an autotrophic organism use chemosynthesis rather than photosynthesis? Give an example of a location that requires chemosynthesis.

28. Different Diets Out There Atkins (emphasis on Fats/Proteins…little to no carbs) Okinawa (emphasis on fish, balanced diet) Vegetarian/Vegan (no meat, can be cooked) Cabbage Soup Diet (cabbage soup, lemon, tobasco sauce) Raw (nothing cooked)