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AP Biology 2007-2008 Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Common ancestor Kingdom: Animals Domain Eukarya.

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Presentation on theme: "AP Biology 2007-2008 Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Common ancestor Kingdom: Animals Domain Eukarya."— Presentation transcript:

1 AP Biology 2007-2008 Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Common ancestor Kingdom: Animals Domain Eukarya

2 AP Biology Animal Characteristics  Heterotrophs  must ingest others for nutrients  Multicellular  complex bodies  No cell walls  allows active movement  Sexual reproduction  no alternation of generations  no haploid gametophyte

3 AP Biology Porifera Cnidaria Platyhelminthes spongesjellyfishflatworms roundworms Nematoda MolluscaArthropodaChordata AnnelidaEchinodermata mollusks multicellularity Ancestral Protist tissues bilateral symmetry body cavity segmentation Animal Evolution coelom starfishvertebrates endoskeleton segmented worms insects spiders backbone specialization &  body complexity specialized structure & function, muscle & nerve tissue distinct body plan; cephalization  body complexity  digestive & repro sys  digestive sys  body size  body & brain size,  mobility radial bilateral

4 AP Biology Body Cavity ectoderm mesoderm endoderm ectoderm mesoderm endoderm mesoderm endoderm acoelomate pseudocoelomate coelomate coelom cavity pseudocoel  Space for organ system development  increase digestive & reproductive systems  increase food capacity & digestion  increase gamete production  Coelem  mesoderm & endoderm interact during development  allows complex structures to develop in digestive system  ex. stomach protostome vs. deuterostome

5 AP Biology Invertebrate: Porifera  Sponges  no distinct tissues or organs  do have specialized cells  no symmetry  sessile (as adults) food taken into each cell by endocytosis

6 AP Biology Invertebrate: Cnidaria  Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral  tissues, but no organs  two cell layers  radial symmetry  predators  tentacles surround gut opening  extracellular digestion  release enzymes into gut cavity  absorption by cells lining gut medusapolyp

7 AP Biology hydra stinging cell with nematocyst trigger discharged nematocyst undischarged nematocyst tentacles mouth sensory cell stinging cell Stinging cells of Cnidarians

8 AP Biology Invertebrate: Platyhelminthes ectoderm mesoderm endoderm  Flatworms  tapeworm, planaria  mostly parasitic  bilaterally symmetrical  have right & left & then have head (anterior) end & posterior end  cephalization = development of brain  concentration of sense organs in head  increase specialization in body plan acoelomate

9 AP Biology Invertebrate: Nematoda  Roundworms  bilaterally symmetrical  body cavity  pseudocoelom = simple body cavity  digestive system  tube running through length of body (mouth to anus)  many are parasitic  hookworm C. elegans

10 AP Biology Invertebrate: Mollusca  Mollusks  slugs, snails, clams, squid  bilaterally symmetrical (with exceptions)  soft bodies, mostly protected by hard shells  true coelem  increases complexity & specialization of internal organs

11 AP Biology Invertebrate: Annelida  Segmented worms  earthworms, leeches  segments  increase mobility  redundancy in body sections  bilaterally symmetrical  true coelem fan wormleech

12 AP Biology Invertebrate: Arthropoda  Spiders, insects, crustaceans  most successful animal phylum  bilaterally symmetrical  segmented  specialized segments  allows jointed appendages  exoskeleton  chitin + protein

13 AP Biology Arthropod groups insects 6 legs, 3 body parts crustaceans gills, 2 pairs antennae crab, lobster, barnacles, shrmp arachnids 8 legs, 2 body parts spiders, ticks, scorpions

14 AP Biology Invertebrate: Echinodermata  Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumber  radially symmetrical as adults  spiny endoskeleton  deuterostome loss of bilateral symmetry?

15 AP Biology Invertebrate quick check…  Which group includes snails, clams, and squid?  Which group is the sponges?  Which are the flatworms? …segmented worms? …roundworms?  Which group has jointed appendages & an exoskeleton?  Which two groups have radial symmetry?  What is the adaptive advantage of bilateral symmetry?  Which group has no symmetry? Invertebrates: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata

16 AP Biology  Vertebrates  fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals  internal bony skeleton  backbone encasing spinal column  skull-encased brain  deuterostome postanal tail notochord hollow dorsal nerve cord pharyngeal pouches Chordata becomes brain & spinal cord becomes vertebrae becomes gills or Eustachian tube becomes tail or tailbone

17 AP Biology Vertebrates: Fish salmon, trout, sharks 450 mya  Characteristics  body structure  bony & cartilaginous skeleton  jaws & paired appendages (fins)  scales  body function  gills for gas exchange  two-chambered heart; single loop blood circulation  ectotherms  reproduction  external fertilization  external development in aquatic egg gills body

18 AP Biology Transition to Land Evolution of tetrapods Tibia Femur Fibula Humerus Shoulder Radius Ulna Tibia Femur Pelvis Fibula Lobe-finned fish Humerus Shoulder Radius Ulna Pelvis Early amphibian

19 AP Biology lung buccal cavity glottis closed Vertebrates: Amphibian  Characteristics  body structure  legs (tetrapods)  moist skin  body function  lungs (positive pressure) & diffusion through skin for gas exchange  three-chambered heart; veins from lungs back to heart  ectotherms  reproduction  external fertilization  external development in aquatic egg  metamorphosis (tadpole to adult) frogs salamanders toads 350 mya

20 AP Biology Vertebrates: Reptiles  Characteristics  body structure  dry skin, scales, armor  body function  lungs for gas exchange  thoracic breathing; negative pressure  three-chambered heart  ectotherms  reproduction  internal fertilization  external development in amniotic egg 250 mya dinosaurs, turtles lizards, snakes alligators, crocodile embryo leathery shell chorion allantois yolk sac amnion

21 AP Biology Vertebrates: Birds (Aves)  Characteristics  body structure  feathers & wings  thin, hollow bone; flight skeleton  body function  very efficient lungs & air sacs  four-chambered heart  endotherms  reproduction  internal fertilization  external development in amniotic egg 150 mya finches, hawk ostrich, turkey trachea anterior air sacs lung posterior air sacs

22 AP Biology Vertebrates: Mammals 220 mya / 65 mya mice, ferret elephants, bats whales, humans muscles contract diaphragm contracts  Characteristics  body structure  hair  specialized teeth  body function  lungs, diaphragm; negative pressure  four-chambered heart  endotherms  reproduction  internal fertilization  internal development in uterus  nourishment through placenta  birth live young  mammary glands make milk

23 AP Biology Vertebrates: Mammals  Sub-groups  monotremes  egg-laying mammals  lack placenta & true nipples  duckbilled platypus, echidna  marsupials  pouched mammals  offspring feed from nipples in pouch  short-lived placenta  koala, kangaroo, opossum  placental  true placenta  nutrient & waste filter  shrews, bats, whales, humans

24 AP Biology Vertebrate quick check…  Which vertebrates lay eggs with shells?  Which vertebrates are covered with scales?  What adaptations do birds have for flying?  What kind of symmetry do all vertebrates have?  Which vertebrates are ectothermic and which are endothermic  Why must amphibians live near water?  What reproductive adaptations made mammals very successful?  What characteristics distinguish the 3 sub- groups of mammals?

25 AP Biology Comparing Chordates

26 AP Biology Evolutionary Trends in Vertebrates  Adaptive Radiation: process by which a single species or small group of species evolves into several different forms that live in different ways  Rapid growth in the diversity of a group of organisms  Convergent Evolution: process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments

27 AP Biology  The control of body temperature is important for maintaining homeostasis in vertebrates…  Particularly in habitats where temperature varies widely within time of day and with season Body Temperature & Homeostasis

28 AP Biology Body Temperature & Homeostasis  Ectotherm: animal that relies on interactions with the environment to help it control body temperature (“cold blooded”)  Reptiles, fishes and amphibians

29 AP Biology Body Temperature & Homeostasis  Endotherm: animal that generates its own body heat and controls its body temperature from within (“warm blooded”)  Birds and mammals

30 AP Biology Feeding  Skulls and teeth adapted for feeding on a much wider assortment of foods

31 AP Biology Respiration  Aquatic chordates: tunicates, fishes, and amphibian larvae  GILLS  Land vertebrates: adult amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals  LUNGS

32 AP Biology Circulation  Single-loop circulation  Double-loop circulation  Heart chambers

33 AP Biology Excretion  Carried out by the kidneys

34 AP Biology Response  Nonvertebrate chordates have a relatively simple nervous system with a mass of nerve cells that form a brain  Vertebrates have a more complex brain with distinct regions, each with a different function

35 AP Biology Movement  The skeletal and muscular system support a vertebrate’s body and make it possible to control movement

36 AP Biology Reproduction  Almost all chordates reproduce sexually  Oviparous: eggs develop outside the mother’s body  Ovoviviparous: eggs develop within the mother’s body –young born alive  Viviparous: embryos obtain nutrients directly from the mother’s body-young born alive

37 AP Biology Animal Behavior Chapter 34: Biology II

38 AP Biology Elements of Behavior  Behavior: the way an organism reacts to changes in its internal condition or external environment  Stimulus: any kind of detectable sign that carries information  Response: single, specific reaction to a stimulus

39 AP Biology Types of Stimuli  Light  Sound  Odors  Heat  THE SENSES  Some are different for different animals; i.e. echolocation in dolphins

40 AP Biology How Animals Respond  When an animal responds to a stimulus, the body systems…  sense organs  nervous system  muscles  …interact to produce the resulting behavior

41 AP Biology Behavior and Evolution  Innate Behavior: instinct, or inborn behavior; behavior that appears in a fully functional form the first time it is performed  Learned Behavior: behavior that is altered as a result of experience

42 AP Biology Learned Behavior  Habituation  Classical conditioning  Operant conditioning  Insight learning

43 AP Biology Habituation  Learning process by which an animal decreases or stops its response to a repetitive stimulus that neither rewards nor harms it

44 AP Biology  Learning process in which an animal makes a mental connection between a stimulus and some kind of reward or punishment Classical Conditioning

45 AP Biology

46 Operant Conditioning  Learning process in which an animal learns to behave in a certain way through repeated practice, in order to receive a reward or avoid punishment  Trial-and-error learning

47 AP Biology Insight Learning  Learning process in which an animal applies something it has already learned to a new situation without a period of trial and error  Reasoning

48 AP Biology Imprinting  Learning based on early experience  Once imprinting has occurred, the behavior cannot be changed

49 AP Biology Patterns of Behavior  Behavioral Cycles  Courtship  Social Behavior  Competition and Aggression  Communication

50 AP Biology Behavioral Cycles  Many animals respond to periodic changes in the environment with daily or seasonal cycles of behavior  Migration: periodic movement and return of animals from one place to another  Circadian Rhythm: behavioral cycle that occurs in a daily pattern; i.e. sleep

51 AP Biology Courtship  Type of behavior in which an animal sends out stimuli…  Sounds  Visual displays, or  Chemicals  …in order to attract a member of the opposite sex

52 AP Biology Social Behavior  Usually members of a society are related to one another  Related individuals share a large proportion of each other’s genes  Helping a relative survive increases the chance that the genes an individual shares with that relative will be passed along to offspring

53 AP Biology Competition and Aggression  Territory: specific area occupied and protected by an animal or group of animals  Aggression: threatening behavior that one animal uses to gain control over another

54 AP Biology Communication  Passing of information from one organism to another  Visual signals  Chemical signals  Sound signals  Language**

55 AP Biology Animal Behavior Terminology  Behavior  Anything an animal does in response to a stimulus in its environment  Innate behavior  Inherited behavior of animals (instinctive)  Ex. The way a toad catches its prey.  Fight-or-flight response  Preparation of the body to either fight or run from the danger  Controlled by hormones

56 AP Biology  Instinct  A complex pattern of innate behavior that begins with a stimulus and continues until all responses have been completed  Ex. Migration, aggressive behavior, courtship behavior, circadian rhythm, and territorial behavior  Circadian rhythm  A 24-hour cycle of behavior, cycle of sleeping and wakefulness  Mimicry  The resemblance of one organism to another or to an object in its surroundings for concealment and protection from predators Animal Behavior Terminology

57 AP Biology  Migration  The instinctive seasonal movement of animals  Ex. Birds, Pacific salmon  Hibernation  A state in which the body temperature drops substantially, oxygen consumption decreases, and breathing rates decline to a few breaths per minute in order to conserve energy  Ex. Bears  Habituation  A repeated stimulus that the animal finally ceases to respond to Animal Behavior Terminology

58 AP Biology  Imprinting  When an animal at a critical time of its life forms a social attachment to another object  Ex. Ducklings attachment to its mother  Conditioning  Learning by association  Insight  Learning when an animal uses previous experiences to respond to a new situation Animal Behavior Terminology


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