1. Journal Entry #8 Copy AND Answer May 8, 2012 Tuesday
True OR False:
1. All societies have school systems.
2. Violence and other criminal activity are not a problem for schools in the United States.
3. Belief systems vary little from religion to religion.
Place H.W. on your desk!

2. All societies have school systems:
True: All societies formally organize schools because that is the most effective way to pass on norms , values, and skills.
False: Education in small pre-industrial societies takes place within the family, and children learn by participating in adult activities.

3. Violence and other criminal activity are not a problem for schools in the United States.
True: With rare exceptions, American public schools are generally safe institutions of learning for students.
False: School safety is a growing issue of concern in the United States today as a result of several well-publicized incidents of school violence.

4. Belief systems vary little from religion to religion.
True: Human efforts to understand life’s mysteries have always focused on worshiping one or more supreme beings.
False: Religions around the world vary in their forms of worship, beliefs, and practices.

5. Game Plan for Today: Go over Chapter 12 Quiz Chapter 14:1 Activity
2 QUIZ GRADES
Chapter 14:1
The Sociology of Education
Activity

6. UPDATE: ONE Chapter 14 AND 17 will be combined into
Test AND Notebook Check

7. Focus and Review 11/30
This will be step 1 in a 45 minute- 1 hour long activity in class, you must focus and work diligently
Why are you in school? What are the reasons that school exists?
From a sociological perspective
List using bulleted form

8. Activity Extending Focus and Review
WITH A PARTNER:
Review the 3 main perspectives of Sociology.
What are they?
With your partner, attach one of the three philosophies to each of your reasons for being in school.
Share out, help the class complete the chart (popcorn)

9. Functionalist
Conflict
Interactionist
Prepare for everyday life
Dealing with problems
Meet new people
It’s the law
In order to keep kids out of trouble
Learn social skilla
To get into college
Assigning students to schools in their neighborhood
Student-teacher relationships
Prepare for the workforce, especially skilled jobs
Students demeaning others based on wealth
Diversity
Teach future generations
Establish levels of courses- honors vs reg (counselors)
Teaches morals and beliefs
Tracking
Learn social norms
Threats, detention, BE OBEDIENT!
UNEQUAL ACCESS TO EDUCATION

10. Now, again add to your focus and review:
Brainstorm with your partner what you consider to be the perfect education system. Make sure you LIST the basic needs you want your education system to meet….at least 5.

11. CHAPTER 14 Education and Religion
Section 1: The Sociology of Education
Section 2: The Sociology of Religion

12. The Sociology of Education
Chapter 14: Section 1
The Sociology of Education

13. Objectives: Section 1: The Sociology of Education
Explain how the views of functionalist, conflict, and interactionist sociologists differ concerning education.
Identify some of the current issues in American education.

14. Take notes by hand on 10 slides
Slides will have this symbol on them if you need to have that information:

15. What is Education??
Consists of the roles and norms that ensure the transmission of knowledge, values, and patterns of behavior from one generation to the next.

16. What is Schooling?
Formal education, which involves instruction by specially trained teachers who follow officially recognized policies.

17. Did You Know??
The world school has its origins in the Greek word for leisure. Although school might not feel like a leisure activity, the word’s origins reveal the early history of education. Before industrialization, only the wealthy and some members of the clergy were formally educated. These groups had enough leisure time to devote to study. Modern formal education began to develop after industrialization led to the need to train people for specific jobs and after child labor laws freed children from having to work.

18. Industrialization and child labor laws
?????
What two major events helped contribute to the development of modern education?
Industrialization and child labor laws

19. Different sociological perspectives on education
Functionalist
Conflict
Interactionist

20. Focus and review
One of the views of the conflict perspective is that opportunities for success in education are distributed unequally.
List 4-5 evidences of unequal opportunities in education and briefly explain why you believe that is an evidence of unequal opportunity.

21. Comparing Functionalist, Conflict, and Interactionist Perspectives of Education

22. Functionalist Perspective: START HERE
Section 1: The Sociology of Education
Functionalist Perspective: START HERE
Functionalist – schools help maintain the stability and smooth operation of society.
Teaching Knowledge and Skills: Core curriculum
Transmission of Culture: Patriotism, cooperation, obeying rules, respecting authority.
Social Integration: “Melting Pot”
Occupational Placement: Training young people for the “real world”; College examinations in Japan

23. Conflict Perspective:
Conflict – the educational system serves to limit the potential of certain people and groups to gain power and social rewards.
Social Control: Goal is to produce cooperative adult workers who will willingly accept the demands of those in power.
Hidden curriculum: transmission by schools of cultural goals that are NOT openly acknowledged.
EX: Be punctual, stand in line, obey authority, etc….

24. Conflict Perspective (cont’d)
Tracking: involves the assignment of students to different types of educational programs, such as general studies, vocational training, and college preparatory studies.
Conflict sociologists view tracking as a means by which the wealthy and powerful maintain their position in society, AND is a method of classroom instruction that focuses on different tracks that serve to maintain the status quo.

25. Conflict Perspective (cont’d)
Education and Socioeconomic Status:
Educational achievement appears to be tied strongly to socioeconomic status.
EX: Minority groups tend to have less educational success.
Conflict theorists believe that socioeconomic status affects the following:
Expectations families have for child’s achievement
Home environment
Paying for expenses for college
Turn to pg. 355

26. Case Study:
A 2001 Chicago Tribune study examined the relationship between student achievement and spending per student in about 800 school districts. The results found that spending per student did NOT have a significant effect on student achievement. For example, one school that spent about $5,900 per student had the same percentage of students pass tests – 93% - as a school that spent about $10,600 per student…..continued….

27. HOWEVER, a recent study by the Harvard Graduate School of Education did find a link between low income and the development of children below school age. The study examined children from birth to age 3 and found that increases in family income resulted in improved learning and development.

28. What do you think is the reason for these results?
Why????
What do you think is the reason for these results?

29. Focus/Review Turn to pg. 359 Answer #1 A second question:
Do you think we should give parents $$$ to pay for their child to go to private school?

30. Interactionist Perspective:
Interactionist – students’ educational achievements and success are shaped in part by teacher-student interactions.
Teachers let students know what is expected of them, and the students perform according to these expectations: self-fulfilling prophecy

31. The Sociology of Education
SECTION 1
The Sociology of Education
to address a decline in the level of the quality of education; has led to some improvements
Current Issues in American Education
provides school choice through vouchers, charter schools, and options such as homeschooling
educational reform
educational alternatives
violence in the schools
bilingual education
has led to the use of security measures, zero tolerance policies, and conflict-resolution programs
controversial, particularly in states with many Hispanics; has led to “English Only” movement

32. A few definitions:
1. Charter schools: funded with public money but are privately operated and run.
2. School Choice: Parents may receive a voucher equal to the amount their state spends on education for their child. Parents are then free to use the voucher to pay tuition at the school of their choice – charter, private, religious.

33. Turn to Page 359 Question #1:
For: They offer innovative approaches to curriculum and teaching , enable students to learn in small-school settings, and have shown rising test scores and graduation rates.
Against: Charter schools have not been operating long enough for test scores and graduation rates to measure success; they serve only a small segment of society, and they offer little more than basic curriculum while taking public school funding.

34. Question #2: Agree: Disagree:
To provide equal education opportunities and to ensure adequate educational standards, all schools should operate under the SAME rules and regulations.
Disagree:
Private schools do NOT receive government funding and so should not have to operate under the same rules and regulations that public schools do…..however, does not address issues of charter schools.

35. More definitions: 3. Homeschooling:
A system in which a child’s main education is undertaken by parents at home.
Score just as high on SAT and attend college

36. Why do Parents Prefer Homeschooling?
48.9%  Can give child a better education at home.
38.4%  Religious reasons
25.6%  Poor learning environment at school
16.8%  Family reasons
15.1%  To develop character/morality
12.1%  Object to what school teaches
11.6%  School does NOT challenge child
11.5%  Other problems with available schools
9.0%  Student behavior problems at school
8.2%  child has special needs/ disability
1999 study by Department of Education

37. AND some more definitions:
4. Zero tolerance:
A set of policies created to prevent school violence.
5. Bilingual education: a system in which non-English-speaking students are taught in their native languages until they are proficient enough in English to attend regular classes.

38. What are some arguments FOR bilingual education?

39. 6. “English Only”:
Movement that has tried to end bilingual education by having English declared as the official recognized language.
More than 20 states around U.S. have already passed laws making English their official language!

40. What are some arguments AGAINST bilingual education (aka for english-only)

41. Continue Waiting for Superman

42. Video: Stupid in America http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bx4pN-aiofw
In your F & R book, write down some ideas presented in the video for educational reform.
At the end of the video, I want you to rank these ideas from best to worst, in your opinion.

43. The Sociology of Religion
Chapter 14: Section 2

44. Objectives: Identify the basic societal needs that religion serves.
Section 2: The Sociology of Religion
Objectives:
Identify the basic societal needs that religion serves.
Describe the distinctive features of religion in American society.

45. Focus/Review
Sacred objects and practices are those objects and practices that inspire awe, that are considered part of the supernatural world, or that represent the supernatural world.
List all sacred objects or practices of any world religion that you can think of.

46. Sacred & Profane at heart of all religions:
Anything that is considered to be part of the supernatural world and that inspires respect and reverence.
Profane:
Anything considered to be part of the ordinary world and, thus, common place and familiar.

47. Need some examples??? Cow: Wafer: Hindu  sacred Christian  profane
Christian  sacred
Hindu  profane

48. Christianity, Islam, and Judaism
The city of Jerusalem in Israel is considered a sacred site in what three major world religions???
Christianity, Islam, and Judaism

49. What do you think?
According to conflict theorists, what problems might result from 3 major religions sharing a sacred site?
It might lead to tensions and conflict among the different religious groups, which has indeed been the case in Jerusalem.

50. What is Religion??
Defined as a system of roles and norms that is organized around the sacred realm and that binds people together in social groups.

51. Why are sociologists concerned about religion??
They focus on social characteristics of religion and consequences that religion has for society.
EX: Functions of religion

52. What are some functions of religion?
What do you think?
What are some functions of religion?

53. Functions of Religion Section 2: The Sociology of Religion
1. Social Cohesion – strengthening of bonds among people; sense of belonging; less suicides.
2. Social Control – encourages conformity to the norms of society; Confession & Communion.
3. Emotional Support – to provide emotional support during difficult times (EX: death)

54. The Nature of Religion:
Rituals & Symbols
Belief Systems
Organizational Structures

55. Rituals & Symbols:
Ritual:
Established pattern of behavior through which a group of believers experiences the sacred.
Examples:
Baptisms, weddings, funerals, worship services, etc….

56. Belief Systems:
3 main basic types:
Animism
Theism
Ethicalism

58. Animism: A belief that spirits actively influence human life.
EX: Animals, plants, rivers, mountains, wind, etc….
Supernatural forces used to
human advantage.

59. Types of Animism: Shamanism:
Believed that spirits communicate only with one person in the group, called the shaman.
Shaman can communicate with spirits and heal the sick, predict the future, and see events happening far away.

60. Totemism:
Belief in kinship
between humans
and animals or natural
objects.
Totem is considered sacred
Seen as helpful protectors
who watch over the group.

61. Theism: The belief in a god or gods. Monotheism: belief on ONE god
EX: Judaism, Christianity, Islam.
Polytheism: belief in a number of gods.
EX: Hinduism

62. Ethicalism Based on idea that moral principles have a sacred quality.
Involves meditation and purity.
EX: Buddhism

63. Organizational Structures:
4 types:
Ecclesia
Denominations
Sects
Cults

64. Ecclesia:
Type of religious organization in which most people in the society are members by virtue of their birth.
EX: Islam in Iran
State church, connected with government, have power, do not recognize other religions

65. Denomination:
Well-established religious organization in which a substantial number of the population are members.
EX: Baptist, Presbyterian, etc….
Often tolerant, allow for converts

66. Sect:
Relatively small religious organization that typically has split off from a denomination because of differences concerning
beliefs.
EX: Jehovah's Witnesses
Often claim exclusive religious truth and often are not tolerant

67. Cult:
New religion whose beliefs and practices differ markedly from those of the society’s major religions.
Followers are usually disillusions by traditional religion and by life in general.

68. Religion in American Society:
Religious Affiliation
Religious Participation
Fundamentalist Christianity

69. Identify any religious aspects of this $1 bill:
FYI: The eye is called the Eye of Providence and the Latin motto ‘Annuit Coeptis”’ means “He [God] has favored our undertakings”. What can you conclude from these religious elements on U.S. currency? That American society is predominantly and historically Christian.

70. Religious Affiliation
90% of Americans say they believe in God
66%: affiliated with some religious organization.
Most people in U.S. are:
Christians, Muslims, Jewish
Turn to pg. 370

71. Religious Participation:
About 34% attend religious services on a REGULAR basis.
Women, African Americans, and older citizens:
More likely to attend church.
Catholics more likely to attend compared to Protestants.

72. Sociologists find it difficult to measure…
Religiosity:
The depth of people’s religious feelings and how they translate these feelings into behavior.
Sociologists believe that American society is becoming more secular
Religion is losing its influence in everyday life in the U.S.

73. What do you think??
Do you think that American society is becoming more secular??

74. Fundamentalist Christianity:
Increasing in U.S.
Share a commitment to bringing Jesus Christ into the lives of all nonbelievers.
Believe in “born again” concept.

75. Let’s Go Over 14:2 Homework:
Pg. 371 AND Pg. ?

76. End of Chapter 14

77. Homework due Tomorrow:
Pg. 372 #1-4 (Understanding Main Ideas) #1-5 (Thinking Critically) Pg. 373 (#1-4)

78. Activity Time

79. Chapter 17:1 Collective Behavior
What’s Next???
Chapter 17:1 Collective Behavior