1. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS There are about 1,5 million kinds of organisms all over the earth. are classifed according to their properties. This process is called classification. There are about 1,5 million kinds of organisms all over the earth. are classifed according to their properties. This process is called classification.

2. What is classification? Classification is the process of grouping the organisms according to their properties. The science of classification is taxonomy. Classification is the process of grouping the organisms according to their properties. The science of classification is taxonomy. Functions of the classification: It enables to study organisms easily It enables to study organisms easily It enables to identify organisms easily. It enables to identify organisms easily.

3. HOW CAN WE CLASSIFY ORGANISMS? Aristo Aristo Modern scientists Modern scientists

4. Natural classification In natural classification relatedness of two organisms are determined In natural classification relatedness of two organisms are determined By anatomical structures. Like homologous organs that look and function different but same in structure.(fin of whale, arm of human, wing of bat) By anatomical structures. Like homologous organs that look and function different but same in structure.(fin of whale, arm of human, wing of bat) By physiological structures.Like metabolic reactions and systems in their body. By physiological structures.Like metabolic reactions and systems in their body. By embryological developments. By embryological developments. By biochemical(genetic) structures. Like protein similarities, chromosome number, gene sequences) By biochemical(genetic) structures. Like protein similarities, chromosome number, gene sequences)

5. Molecular similarities(DNA, protein) Embryological development Physiological structures Homologous organs

6. History Linnaeus classified organisms according to their similarities in their structure. He divided organisms into 12.000 species. Linnaeus classified organisms according to their similarities in their structure. He divided organisms into 12.000 species. Species: the group of living things having similar structures and can breed with each other (can reproduce and form fertile organisms) Species: the group of living things having similar structures and can breed with each other (can reproduce and form fertile organisms) Linnaeus also gave a two word(binominal) name to each living thing. The first one is the genus, the second one is species name. Linnaeus also gave a two word(binominal) name to each living thing. The first one is the genus, the second one is species name. Felis leo Felis leo Felis domesticus Felis domesticus

7. The following organisms are named according to the binominal nomenclature. Which of them are closely related? I. Quercus alba I. Quercus alba II. Certex quercus II. Certex quercus III. Basella rubra III. Basella rubra IV.Quercus rubra IV.Quercus rubra The most related organisms should be in the same genus. If both genus and species name is same so they are same. But if they have same species name but different genus name, they are not related in their genus and species level.

8. Organisms are classified into larger groups. Species is the smallest one, kingdom is the largest one. Organisms are classified into larger groups. Species is the smallest one, kingdom is the largest one. Kingdom Kingdom Phylum Phylum Class Class Order Order Family Family Genus Genus Species Species Kingdom contains the largest number of different organisms. The number of organisms get smaller from kingdom to species. Kingdom contains the largest number of different organisms. The number of organisms get smaller from kingdom to species. But the similarities within organisms are greatest in species and the similarities get less from species to kingdom. But the similarities within organisms are greatest in species and the similarities get less from species to kingdom. King Phillip Charles Organized Football Game in Scotland

9. Number of organisms increases Number of organisms increases (similarities decreases) (similarities decreases) Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Similarities increases Similarities increases (Number of organisms decreases) (Number of organisms decreases)

10. Question: I. Kingdom I. Kingdom II. Phylum II. Phylum III. Class III. Class IV. Order IV. Order V. Family V. Family VI. Genus VI. Genus VII. Species VII. Species X, Y and Z species are found in following levels: X, Y and Z species are found in following levels: X-YI, II, III X-ZI, II, III, IV Z-YI, II, III, IV, V Which of the following is not true according to this information. a. Y and Z species are found in same Order. b. X, Y and Z species are in the same genus. c. X, Y and Z species are in the same class. d. Z and Y species are found in same family. e. Z is closely related to Y than species X.

11. Monera

12. VIRUSES Viruses are between living and nonliving things, Viruses are between living and nonliving things, because they don’t have metabolism. They don’t have life functions. because they don’t have metabolism. They don’t have life functions. They can do their life functions only in a host cell. They use the host cell’s organelles and metabolism. They are obligate intracellular parasites. They can do their life functions only in a host cell. They use the host cell’s organelles and metabolism. They are obligate intracellular parasites.

13. A virus have a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), they are surrounded by protein coat. They don’t have any organelles or cytoplasm. They can have capsule surrounding protein coat. Some viruses infect bacteria, they are called bacteriophages. A virus have a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), they are surrounded by protein coat. They don’t have any organelles or cytoplasm. They can have capsule surrounding protein coat. Some viruses infect bacteria, they are called bacteriophages. Viruses can be classified according to their nucleic acid type. Viruses can be classified according to their nucleic acid type. Mostly animal viruses have DNA and plant viruses have RNA. Mostly animal viruses have DNA and plant viruses have RNA.

14. A disease-causing entity on the borderline between life and non-life. Viruses are capable of reproducing only within a living host cell. They effectively reprogram the cells they invade, turning the cellular machinery into a biological factory for manufacturing fresh copies of themselves. For more details, see viral reproduction. The simplest viruses consist of a single helical strand of RNA coated with protein molecules.cellviral reproductionRNAprotein

15. Life cycle of a Virus 1. Virus attaches a host cell membrane 1. Virus attaches a host cell membrane 2. melts down the cell membrane and injects viral DNA or RNA 2. melts down the cell membrane and injects viral DNA or RNA 3. İntegrates viral DNA to host cell DNA 3. İntegrates viral DNA to host cell DNA 4. mRNA synthesized from host DNA 4. mRNA synthesized from host DNA 5.Viral proteins synthesized, new virus formed 6.Virus breaks down the host cell, infects other cells.

16. 1. Kingdom: Bacteria- archaebacteria (MONERA) Monera kingdom contains organisms with prokaryotic cells. Monera kingdom contains organisms with prokaryotic cells. Blue-green algae and bacteria are moneran. They don’t have nucleus and other membraned organelles(Golgi, lysosome, mitochondria, ER etc) They have one DNA in cytoplasm. But have extra DNA particles-plasmids. They can do aerobic cellular respiration by mesosomes-infoldings of cell membrane. Blue-green algae and bacteria are moneran. They don’t have nucleus and other membraned organelles(Golgi, lysosome, mitochondria, ER etc) They have one DNA in cytoplasm. But have extra DNA particles-plasmids. They can do aerobic cellular respiration by mesosomes-infoldings of cell membrane.

17. Uses of plasmids in recombinant DNA technology. Uses of plasmids in recombinant DNA technology.

18. Distinct Traits of Eubacteria Cell Wall- The cell walls of Eubacteria are made of a carbohydrate molecule called Peptidoglycan. Gene Structure- Eubacteria have genes which lack introns, making them different from Archeabacteria. Cell Wall- The cell walls of Eubacteria are made of a carbohydrate molecule called Peptidoglycan. Gene Structure- Eubacteria have genes which lack introns, making them different from Archeabacteria. Most Eubacteria live in or on your body. Only a few of these bacteria are Pathogen, or disease causing, but others help with food digestion. As well, humans use Eubacteria to process foods like yogurt, and chemicals like pesticides. Most Eubacteria live in or on your body. Only a few of these bacteria are Pathogen, or disease causing, but others help with food digestion. As well, humans use Eubacteria to process foods like yogurt, and chemicals like pesticides. Useful bacteria are important for recycling of matter. Bacteria breakdown dead animal and plant bodies into minerals. Useful bacteria are important for recycling of matter. Bacteria breakdown dead animal and plant bodies into minerals. Most of the bacteria are important in industry. We make cheese, yogurt, wine and vinegar with the help of the bacteria. Most of the bacteria are important in industry. We make cheese, yogurt, wine and vinegar with the help of the bacteria. We also use bacteria to synthesize antibiotics. We also use bacteria to synthesize antibiotics. What do they eat? Eubacteria are both autotrophs, and heterotrophs. Some feed on chemicals and minerals, while other, photosynthetic bacteria, make their own food. What do they eat? Eubacteria are both autotrophs, and heterotrophs. Some feed on chemicals and minerals, while other, photosynthetic bacteria, make their own food.

20. Importance of bacteria Useful bacteria are important for recycling of matter. Bacteria breakdown dead animal and plant bodies into minerals. Useful bacteria are important for recycling of matter. Bacteria breakdown dead animal and plant bodies into minerals. Most of the bacteria are important in industry. We make cheese, yogurt, wine and vinegar with the help of the bacteria. Most of the bacteria are important in industry. We make cheese, yogurt, wine and vinegar with the help of the bacteria. We also use bacteria to synthesize antibiotics. We also use bacteria to synthesize antibiotics. Some bacteria causes diseases. Some bacteria causes diseases.

21. Distinct Traits of Archeabacteria Archeabacteria are strong bacteria that are capable of living in extreme environments, such as thermal vents, gysers(thermophiles), salt water(halophiles) and swamps(methanogens). Archeabacteria are strong bacteria that are capable of living in extreme environments, such as thermal vents, gysers(thermophiles), salt water(halophiles) and swamps(methanogens). Distinct Traits of Archeabacteria Since Archeabacteria are prokaryotes they lack organelles, they do not have the peptidoglycan cell wall like Eubacteria but they still have a cell wall. Like Eubacteria they are unicellular and can be both autotrophic or heterotrophic. Distinct Traits of Archeabacteria Since Archeabacteria are prokaryotes they lack organelles, they do not have the peptidoglycan cell wall like Eubacteria but they still have a cell wall. Like Eubacteria they are unicellular and can be both autotrophic or heterotrophic. Gene translation in Archeabacteria is interrupted by introns unlike Eubacteria. Introns are scattered nontranslated segments in the DNA. Gene translation in Archeabacteria is interrupted by introns unlike Eubacteria. Introns are scattered nontranslated segments in the DNA. Ribosomal protein in Archeabacteria is amazingly similar to those of Eukaryotes, or cells with organelles. Ribosomal protein in Archeabacteria is amazingly similar to those of Eukaryotes, or cells with organelles. It is believed that archeabacteria are the ancestors of today’s eukaryotes. It is believed that archeabacteria are the ancestors of today’s eukaryotes.

22. 1. Methanogens: the“methane-makers” Use only CO2, H and N to produce energy to live, and as a result give off methane gas. Live in swamps, marshes, gut of cattle, termites, etc. Methanococcus jannaschii, isolated from the deep sea Methanogens are decomposers; and can be used in sewage treatment. Methanogens may someday be used to produce methane as fuel! 2. Extreme Halophiles: the “salt lovers” Require an environment as salty or even10x saltier than ocean water. Some prefer up to 30% salt concentrations! These bacteria live in the Dead Sea, the Great Salt Lake, salt evaporation ponds. 1. Methanogens: the“methane-makers” Use only CO2, H and N to produce energy to live, and as a result give off methane gas. Live in swamps, marshes, gut of cattle, termites, etc. Methanococcus jannaschii, isolated from the deep sea Methanogens are decomposers; and can be used in sewage treatment. Methanogens may someday be used to produce methane as fuel! 2. Extreme Halophiles: the “salt lovers” Require an environment as salty or even10x saltier than ocean water. Some prefer up to 30% salt concentrations! These bacteria live in the Dead Sea, the Great Salt Lake, salt evaporation ponds. 3. Extreme Thermophiles: “heat / cold lovers” Prefer temperatures above 60°C (up to 110°C for hyperthermophiles!) or near or below freezing. (Some thermophiles will die at roon temperature). Thermophiles ive in hot sulfur springs, Yellowstone Park, deep sea hydrothermal vents “black smokers”, geothermal power plants. Also live in ocean waters around Antarctica, under the polar ice caps, etc. Thermus aquaticus and Pyrococcus furiosis and two species. 3. Extreme Thermophiles: “heat / cold lovers” Prefer temperatures above 60°C (up to 110°C for hyperthermophiles!) or near or below freezing. (Some thermophiles will die at roon temperature). Thermophiles ive in hot sulfur springs, Yellowstone Park, deep sea hydrothermal vents “black smokers”, geothermal power plants. Also live in ocean waters around Antarctica, under the polar ice caps, etc. Thermus aquaticus and Pyrococcus furiosis and two species.

23. Autotrophs Can produce food or organic compounds(glucose, aminoacid, lipids) from inorganic molecules I. Photosynthesis: Plants, bacteria and algae that use sunlight energy to use CO2 and H2O to produce glucose and O2. Have chlorophyll(prokaryotes) or chloroplasts(eukaryotes). II. Chemosynthesis: Bacteria that live in soil, which use oxidation of inorganic compounds to get energy to make glucose from CO2. They don’t have chlorophyll. Heterotrophs Can’t produce organic compounds from inorganic molecules. Take in organic compounds from autotrophs or heterotrophs. I. Saprophytes: breakdown dead bodies. II. Mutualistic:2 organisms that are dependent to each other. III. Parasitic :2 organisms that live together but one harms the other.

24. Different types of bacteria

27. 2. Kingdom:PROTISTA Kingdom protista include unicellular or very simple multicellular organisms. Kingdom protista include unicellular or very simple multicellular organisms. All of them are eukaryotes with true nucleus. All of them are eukaryotes with true nucleus. They can be autotroph or heterotroph. They can be autotroph or heterotroph. Paramecium Amoeba Euglena Paramecium Amoeba Euglena

28. They are classified as their way of movement They are classified as their cell number.

29. Protozoa Heterotroph, move Sarcodines- amoeba Flagellates- trypanosoma Sporozoans- plasmodium Ciliata- paramecium Algae Have plastids, autotrophs Unicellular algae- euglena Multicellular algae-red, brown, green algae Fungi-like Have flagella, centrioles, cellulose cell wall Slime mold

30. Mostly they live in fresh water and they are threatened with excess water entering their cell. They have a specialized organ Contractile vacuole to throw out water. Mostly they live in fresh water and they are threatened with excess water entering their cell. They have a specialized organ Contractile vacuole to throw out water.

31. Multicellularity Some unicellular organisms start to live together. In that way they share their jobs and live effectively. Volvox one of the colonies which is important during evolution. Some unicellular organisms start to live together. In that way they share their jobs and live effectively. Volvox one of the colonies which is important during evolution. http://www.biltek.tubitak.gov.tr/bilgipaket/canlilar/protista/ phytomastigo.htm

32. 3. Kingdom: FUNGI Fungi can be unicellular (yeast) or multicellular( mushrooms). They are heterotrophs. They are known as decomposers and recyclers of nutrients. They break down food by secreting digestive enzymes onto a substrate and then absorb the resulting small food molecules. Fungi can be unicellular (yeast) or multicellular( mushrooms). They are heterotrophs. They are known as decomposers and recyclers of nutrients. They break down food by secreting digestive enzymes onto a substrate and then absorb the resulting small food molecules.

33. Fungi have common properties with plants: They have cell wall like plants(chitin). Fungi have common properties with plants: They have cell wall like plants(chitin). They have common properties with animals: They have common properties with animals: They are heterotrophs, they don’t have chloroplasts, store sugar as glycogen.  They can be parasitic (live depending on a host and give harm on it)or saprophytic (they obtain their food from the decaying bodies of plants and animals )  They reproduce by spores.

34. LICHENS Some types of fungi live together with other organisms. Lichens are composed of fungi and algae. They live together mutually. Both of them benefit from the relationship. Some types of fungi live together with other organisms. Lichens are composed of fungi and algae. They live together mutually. Both of them benefit from the relationship.

35. 4. Kingdom: Plants They are autotrophs. They are autotrophs. They have cellulose cell wall. They have cellulose cell wall. Kingdom contains many different species. Kingdom contains many different species.

37. Classification of plants Nonvascular plants: don’t carry vascular tissues. They are small plants like moss, liverworts. Nonvascular plants: don’t carry vascular tissues. They are small plants like moss, liverworts. Vascular plants: carry vascular tissues. They can produce seeds or not. Vascular plants: carry vascular tissues. They can produce seeds or not. Seedless plants : can’t produce seed, they reproduce by spores. Ex. ferns Seedless plants : can’t produce seed, they reproduce by spores. Ex. ferns

38. Seed plants: can produce seed, they reproduce by seeds.ex. Pines, flowering plants Seed plants: can produce seed, they reproduce by seeds.ex. Pines, flowering plants Gymnosperms: their seeds are not covered(naked) ex. Pine. They don’t have real flower. Gymnosperms: their seeds are not covered(naked) ex. Pine. They don’t have real flower. Angiosperms: their seeds are protected by tissues(fruit). Ex. Lilium. They have flowers Angiosperms: their seeds are protected by tissues(fruit). Ex. Lilium. They have flowers

39. 5. Kingdom: Animals They are Heterotrophs. They are Heterotrophs. Mostly they have well developed body systems. Mostly they have well developed body systems. (phylum) classes

40. Invertebrates: They don’t have internal skeleton. Some have exoskeleton to protect their body and for movement. Invertebrates: They don’t have internal skeleton. Some have exoskeleton to protect their body and for movement. Sponges: are simplest of animals. Sponges: are simplest of animals. Coelenterates: jellyfish, hydra Coelenterates: jellyfish, hydra Annelids(worms): Annelids(worms): Planaria, taenia, earthworm

41. Mollusca:snail, slug, Mollusca:snail, slug, mussel mussel Echinoderms: sea urchin Echinoderms: sea urchin sea star sea star Arthropods: spider, insects Arthropods: spider, insects

42. Vertebrates: They have an internal skeleton. Body systems are complex. Vertebrates: They have an internal skeleton. Body systems are complex. Fishes: Fishes: Cartilaginous fish Bony fish Amphibians: Amphibians:

43. Reptiles: Reptiles: Lizard, snake, turtle Birds: Birds: Mammals: Mammals:

44. Heart chambers Circula tion Body temperature Blood in heart Respira- tion Excretory waste Fertilisation and development Fish2Closed Poikilothermi c Not oxygenated GillAmonnia External fertilization External developmant Amphib ia 3Closed Poikilothermi c Mixed Oxygenated and not oxygenated Larvae Gill- Adult - Lung + Skin Amonnia Urea External fertilization External development Reptile 3 Half split Closed Poikilothermi c Partly Mixed Oxygenated and not oxygenated LungUric acid Internal fertilization External development Bird4Closedhomeothermic Separate Oxygenate d and not oxygenate d LungUric acid Internal fertilization External development Mamm al 4Closedhomeothermic Separate Oxygenated and not oxygenated LungÜrea Internal fertilization İnternal developemnt Except marsupials and egg laying mammal platypus