1. BIG CITY/BIG PROBLEMS Rome had a population of close to one million people and no police force or army garrison to keep the peace –Majority of these people were Plebeians, freed slaves, and slaves –Frequently formed “mobs” and rioted

2. PRIVATE ARMIES Mobs were generally unarmed, relying on sticks and stones as weapons Wealthy could get permission from Senate to issue weapons to their clients in an emergency –Wealthy also had knowledge of strategy, tactics and logistics –Kept poor down with private armies A small step from using private armies to keep peace to using them to weaken or eliminate a rival or advance a program

3. CROWDED CITY Rome had a huge population crammed together in a high density in a small geographic area –Streets were narrow and winding –Rich lived in mansions on Palatine Hill or in suburbs –Most other Romans lived in small flats in rickety wooden apartment buildings In lower part of city Subject to periodic floods, collapsing buildings, and almost daily fires

4. SLUMS Apartment buildings were poorly constructed and designed –Flats were poorly lit, poorly ventilated, and unheated –Water had to be carried in from public fountains –Not connected to the sewer system Most of Rome was an appalling slum –But landlords like Cicero made good incomes from their property Some reformers proposed suspending rents for a time to help the poor –Always blocked by wealthy landlords

5. LABOR FORCE Most economic activity in Rome revolved around supplying its population with food and other necessities and construction –Many workers were slaves or men from slave origins –Advantages of slaves Slaves were cheap Most came from the East and had highly- developed skills They provided a stable labor force

6. HARD LIVES Freeborn Romans plebeians were mostly displaced small farmers –Generally performed unskilled labor on irregular basis Most Romans only worked periodically at unskilled jobs for low pay –Yet they continued to pour into Rome because it was even worse out in the countryside Lived hard lives, dependent on the voluntary generosity of the wealthy and occasional part-time employment

7. SUMMARY Preconditions for political violence in Republican Rome –Governmental structure Rigged in favor of the wealthy –Large population and lack of official police force Caused the wealthy to form private armies to protect themselves and their interests –Misery and squalor of the majority of the Roman population Multiplied their grievances against the wealthy and the government Also fostered their dependence on the rich and powerful –Left them open to ruthless politicians who promised them satisfaction of their complaints in exchange for support

8. WHY DID THE POOR RIOT? Some historians have interpreted motivations of mobs in class terms –As a struggle between rich and poor At other times, the mobs were motivated by grain shortages or high grain prices Unifying motivational factor was hunger –Mobs were not out to overthrow the Roman government –They were poor, hungry people who wanted food, who wanted to survive