1. Chapter 3
Before giving Care

2. How infections occur? Pathogen – germ gets into the body
Pathogens enter the body, over power the body’s natural defense systems and cause an illness called an infection.
Most infectious diseases are caused by bacteria and viruses. (Tetanus)
Bacteria are everywhere; most do not infect humans but those that do cause serious illness.

3. How infections occur?
Diseases caused by bacteria – tetanus and meningitis
Body’s ability to fight infection depends on its immune system
Antibiotics are prescribed that kill the bacteria or weaken them so the body can get rid of it.
Viruses can cause many diseases; may be difficult to eliminate because very few medications are effective against viral infections

4. Bloodborne Pathogens are spread
For any disease to be spread;
4 conditions must be met:
1. A pathogen is present.
2. There is enough of the pathogen present to
cause disease.
3. Pathogen passes through the correct entry site.
4. A person is susceptible to the pathogen.

5. Bloodborne Pathogens are spread
Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C virus, and HIV can be spread from person to person by
Direct contact transmission – infected blood or body fluids from one person enter another’s body at a correct entry site (eyes, directly touching infected blood)
Indirect contact transmission- touch an object that contains blood or another body fluid of an infected person, and it enters the body through a correct entry site (soiled dressings, work or equipment surfaces)

6. Standard Precautions Personal Hygiene – wash hands
Personal Protective equipment – disposable gloves, breathing barriers
Clean up blood/fluids & dispose in biohazard waste container

7. Obtaining Consent
Before giving first aid to a conscious adult victim, must get their permission to give care
This is called consent
Victim has right to accept or refuse help
Get consent by telling victim
Who you are.
Your level of training.
Ask to Help
Care you would like to give.
Explain What You Observe and Your Plan.

8. Consent Do not give care if victim refuses help Call 9-1-1
If victim is a child or infant, get permission from parent or guardian
If victim is unconscious or unable to respond, consent is implied
Implied consent – assume victim would agree to your help

9. Good Samaritan Law All states have this law
Protects people who willingly provide emergency care without accepting anything in return.
As long as responder acts as a reasonable and prudent person, they can not be sued for victim’s injuries

10. Good Samaritan Law Appropriate Behavior
Move victim only if his/her life is endangered
Check victim for life threatening emergencies before giving further care
Call or local emergency #
Ask conscious victim for permission before giving care
Give care only to the level of his/her training
Continue to give care until more highly trained personnel arrive

11. Reaching and Moving Victim
Usually you will not have to move a victim
Moving a victim needlessly can lead to further injury
Move a victim only when you can do so safely and when there is immediate danger
Fire
Toxic gas
Risk of drowning
A collapsing structure
Uncontrollable traffic hazards

12. Reaching and Moving Victim
Before you act, consider these limitations to moving one or more victims quickly and safely
Dangerous conditions at the scene
Size of the victim(s)
Your physical ability
Whether others can help you
Victim’s condition
Distance you need to travel

13. Reaching and Moving Victim
Follow these guidelines when moving a victim
Only attempt to move a person you are sure you can comfortably handle
Bend your body at the knees and hips
Lift w/your legs, not your back
Walk forward, using short steps
Watch where you are going
Support victim’s head, neck, and back
Avoid bending or twisting a victim w/possible head, neck, and back injury

14. 6 Rescue Moves
Walking Assist – (conscious victim) 1 or 2 responders; place victim’s arm across your shoulders and hold it; support victim w/other hand around waist. Do Not Use if Suspect Head, Back or Neck Injury
Pack Strap Carry – (conscious or unconscious victim) victim standing, position yourself w/back to the victim, back straight, knees bent, shoulders should fit into victim’s armpits. Cross victim’s arms in front of you and grasp wrists, lean forward slightly and pull victim up and onto back, stand up and walk safely. Do Not Use if Suspect Head, Neck, Back Injury.

15. 6 Rescue Moves
Two Person Seat Carry – (conscious victim, not seriously injured) 2 people, one arm behind victim’s thighs and the other across victim’s back, interlock arms w/second rescuer, lift victim in the “seat” formed b rescuers’ arms.
Clothes Drag – (conscious/unconscious victim suspected of head, neck, back injury) Stabilizes head and neck. Grasp victim’s clothing behind the neck, gathering enough to secure a firm grip. Pull victim to safety. Head is cradled by clothing and rescuer’s arms.
No One Way is Best for Every Situation- Objective is to Move Victim w/out Injury to You or Them.

16. 6 Rescue Moves
Blanket Drag- Equipment is limited – can be used for Conscious or Unconscious and suspect has a Head, Neck or Back Injury
Ankle Drag- Victim is to large to carry. Don’t use if you suspect Head, Neck or Back Injury.