1. Child Development Laura E. Berk 8th edition
Physical Development
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2. Genetic Foundations
Chromosomes – store and transmit genetic information.
Genes – segments of DNA located along the chromosomes.
DNA – substance of which genes and chromosomes are made.
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3. Boy or Girl? The twenty-third pair consists of
Figure 3.1 – A karyotype, or photograph, of human chromosomes.
The twenty-third pair consists of
sex chromosomes. In females,
this pair is called XX, in males
this pair is called XY. This cell
donor is male.
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4. Periods of Prenatal Development
Length
Key Events
Zygote
2 weeks
Fertilization
Implantation
Start of placenta
Embryo
6 weeks
Arms, legs, face, organs, muscles all develop
Heart begins beating
Fetus
30 weeks
“Growth and finishing”
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5. The Period of the Fetus The fetus at 11 weeks.
© Lennart Nillson, A Child is Born /Bonners
The fetus at 11 weeks.
It can kick, bend its arms, open and close its hands and mouth and suck its thumb.
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6. Sensitive Periods in Prenatal Development
Figure Sensitive periods in prenatal development.
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7. Teratogens: things that cause malformation
Drugs
Prescription
Nonprescription
Illegal
Tobacco
Alcohol
Radiation
Pollution
Maternal Diseases
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8. Factors That Affect Harm from Teratogens
Dose
Heredity
Other negative influences
Age at time of exposure
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9. Maternal Factors in Healthy Prenatal Development
Exercise
Nutrition
Emotional Stress
Age
Previous Births
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10. Imitation Newborns can imitate Harder to induce in older babies
Some suggest
it is a reflex
Capacity improves
with age
Helps infants learn
Mirror neurons
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11. Some Milestones of Reaching
Figure 4.9 Some milestones of reaching.
© Laura Dwight Photography; © Michael Siluk/The Image Works; © Laura Dwight Photography; © Elizabeth Crows/The Image Works
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12. Newborn Senses of Taste and Smell
Prefer sweet tastes at birth
Quickly learn to like new tastes
Have odor preferences from birth
Affected by mother’s diet during pregnancy
Can locate odors and identify mother by smell from birth
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13. Newborn Sense of Hearing
Can hear a wide variety of sounds at birth
Prefer complex sounds to pure tones
Learn sound patterns
within days
Sensitive to voices and biologically prepared to learn language
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14. Developments in Hearing
4 – 7 months
Sense of musical phrasing
6 – 8 months
“Screen out” sounds from non-native languages
Recognize familiar words, natural phrasing in native language
8 – 9 months
Detect syllables that often occur together in the same word
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15. Newborn Sense of Vision
Least developed of senses at birth
Unable to see long distances, focus clearly
Scan environment and try to track interesting objects
Color vision improves in first two months
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16. Newborn’s Limited Focusing Ability
Figure 4.12 View of the human face by the newborn and adult.
From Kellman & Anterberry, 2006; Slater, 2001
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17. Improvements in Vision
Brain development helps infants reach adult levels of vision:
2 months: focus and color vision
6 months: acuity, scanning & tracking
6–7 months: depth perception
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18. Steps in Pattern Perception3
weeks
Poor contrast sensitivity
Prefers large simple patterns 2
months
Can detect detail in complex patterns
Scans internal features of patterns 4
Can detect patterns even if boundaries are not really present 12
Can detect objects even if two-thirds of drawing is missing
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19. The Way Two Checkerboards Differing in Complexity Look to Infants in the First Few Weeks of Life
Figure The way two checkerboards differing in complexity look to infants in the first few weeks of life.
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20. Periods of Physical Growth
20% of Lifespan
Seven Years
16% of Lifespan A
Few Weeks
2% of Lifespan
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21. Growth Curve: Velocity
Figure 5.1b Velocity curve for height.
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22. Changes in Body Proportions
During puberty, growth proceeds in the reverse direction of that in infancy and early childhood. The hands, legs, and feet accelerate first, followed by the torso.
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23. Changes in Fat-Muscle Makeup
Birth/ Infancy
Peaks at 9 months
Girls have more
Added slowly
Childhood
From around age 8, girls add more fat on arms, legs, trunk than boys
Adolescence
Girls add
Boys lose
Boys add much more than girls
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24. Sex Differences in Gross Motor Skills
Physical
Childhood: small differences
Adolescence: boys develop more strength, speed, endurance
Social
More athletic pressure on boys
May lead to more practice
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25. Major Milestones of Brain Development
Figure Major milestones of brain development.
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26. Regions of the Cerebral Cortex
Figure The left side of the human brain, showing the cerebral cortex.
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27. Lateralization of Cerebral Cortex
Left Hemisphere
Sensory information and control of right side of body
Verbal abilities
Positive emotion
Sequential, analytical processing
Right Hemisphere
Sensory information and control of left side of body
Spatial abilities
Negative emotion
Holistic, integrative processing
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28. Sensitive Periods in Brain Development
Stimulation vital when brain is growing rapidly
Experience-Expectant Growth
Ordinary experiences “expected” by brain to grow normally
Experience-Dependent Growth
Additional growth as a result of specific learning experiences
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29. Factors That Affect Physical Growth
Heredity
Nutrition
Infectious Disease
Emotional Well-Being
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30. Nutrition in Childhood
Appetite becomes unpredictable
Like of familiar foods
Need high-quality diet
Social environment influences food choices
Imitate admired people
Repeated exposure to foods
Emotional climate, parental pressure
Poverty
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31. Potential Nutrition Problems
Little focus on eating
Too few meals with family
Not enough fruits and vegetables
Too many fried foods and soft drinks
Poverty and lack of nutritional food
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32. Malnutrition Types Consequences Physical symptoms
Marasmus
Kwashiorkor
Iron-deficiency anemia
Food insecurity
Physical symptoms
Growth and weight problems
Poor motor development
Learning, attention problems
Passivity, irritability, anxiety
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33. Health Risks for Obese Children
More likely to be overweight adults
Health risks
Blood pressure, cholesterol
Respiratory problems
Diabetes
Liver, gall bladder disease
Sleep, digestive disorders
Cancer
Early death
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34. Causes of Obesity Overweight parents
Early rapid growth or malnutrition
Low SES
Family eating habits
Response to food cues
Low physical activity
Television
Cultural dietary conditions
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35. TV Viewing & Body Fat Gains
Figure Relationship of television viewing to gains in body fat from ages 4 to 11.
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36. Psychological and Social Consequences of Obesity
Feeling unattractive
Stereotyping
Teasing, social isolation
Depression
Problem behaviors
Less schooling, lower income, marriage problems
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37. Conceptions of Adolescence
Biological Perspective
Puberty
Storm and Stress
Social Perspective
Cultural influences
Balanced Point of View
Both biological and social influences
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38. Psychological and Emotional Reactions to Puberty
Reactions to menarche and spermarche vary
Preparation
Rites of passage
Adolescent moodiness
Parent-child conflict
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39. Adolescent Emotions Across the Week
Figure Younger and older adolescents’ emotional experiences across the week.
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40. Sleep Habits in Adolescence
Still need almost as much sleep but go
to bed later
Biological “phase delay”
Social habits
Lack of sleep impairs regulation of attention, emotion
Lower achievement
Mood problems
High-risk behaviors
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41. Consequences of Timing of Puberty
Girls
Boys
Early Maturing
Unpopular, withdrawn, low confidence
More deviant behavior
Negative body image
More long-term problems
Popular
Confident, independent
Positive body image
Late Maturing
Sociable, lively, school leaders
Unpopular
Anxious, talkative, attention-seeking
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42. Characteristics of Sexually Active Adolescents
Personal
Early puberty
Tendency to violate norms
Little religious involvement
Family
Step, single-parent, or large family
Weak parental monitoring, parent-child communication
Peer
Sexually active friends or siblings
Educational
Poor school performance
Low educational goals
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43. Risks for Teen Mothers Less educational achievement
More time as single parents
Economic problems
Pregnancy and birth complications
Lack of parenting skills
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