2. Blood...The River of Life (A delivery system of 5 liters of liquid fun)

3. II. Anatomy of Blood  A. Plasma 1. Liquid portion (92%) 2. Sugar, proteins, vitamins, minerals, hormones, enzymes, waste 3. non-living

4. II. Anatomy of Blood  B. Red Blood Cells “Carrier Cells” 1. Disc-shaped cells 2. Made in the bone marrow 3. No Nucleus 4. Hemoglobin--captures the Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 5. Live about 100-120 days

6. ABO Rh Carbohydrates MARKERS ON CELL A – A antigens B- B antigens AB – A & B antigens O – no antigens Rh+= antigen Rh - = no antigen The Scoop on Blood Types Antigens Used in ID

7. The Scoop on Blood Type Antibodies ABO Rh Proteins Anti-A Anti-B Anti Rh+ Bind to Antigens Find Invaders In plasma

9. Blood Type Antigens on RBC Antibodies in Plasma Can Donate To: Can Receive From: AAAnti-B A, AB A, O BBAnti-A B, AB B, O AB A, B NoneABAll ONone Anti-A, Anti-B AllO Rh++None++/- Rh - None Anti + +/--

10. C. White Blood Cells  1. Complete cells  2. Only 1% of the blood volume  3. Can leave the circulatory system and go to damaged tissues  4. Defense against disease  5. Five different types (lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils)

11. D. Platelets  1. Cell fragments  2. Essential for blood clotting  3. Form a temporary plug to seal a break in the skin

12. I. Functions of Blood  A. Transports oxygen to the body cells  B. Transports carbon dioxide and waste from the body cells  C. Transports food to body cells (glucose and other necessary things)  D. Contains disease fighters  E. Regulates body temperature--remember the skin unit!!  F. Transports hormones

13. Anemia:  Low oxygen carrying capacity  Low RBCs, Low Hemoglobin, Abnormal RBCs

14. Polycythemia:  Too many RBCs  Blood very thick and flows slowly

15. Genetics of Blood Types  Blood types are an example of CoDominance  A and B are codominant and code for the antigens on Red Blood cells  If a person has AB blood, they have both antigens  O is recessive and codes for NO antigens  To be recessive, you must have two recessive alleles  Try a practice problem

16. Genetics of Blood Type  Type A = I A I A or I A i  Type B = I B I B or I B i  Type AB = I A I B  Type O = i i i i AIAAIA BIBBIB IAiIAiIAiIAi IAiIAiIAiIAi IBiIBiIBiIBi

17. II.Anatomy of Blood  The Five Happy Types of White Blood Cells a. Neutrophils – Fight acute infection b. Eosinophils – Allergies and Parasites

18. (Cont) c. Basophils – Seen in inflammation d. Lymphocytes – Immune Response – make antibodies, fights tumors e. Monocytes – Fight chronic infections like TB

19. Leukemia:  Suppressed bone marrow function  Can’t fight disease

20. Mononucleosis:  Caused by the Epstein Barr Virus  Monocytes are called into action  Tired, achy, sore throat, sore and swollen glands

21. Platelet Problems  Thombus/Embolus: Clot forms, can cut off blood flow to organs  Hemophilia: Bleeder’s disease, missing 1 of 13 clotting factors  Platelet Deficiency: not enough platelets, bleed for no reason

23. III. Hemostasis  The steps to forming a blood clot....  1. Platelets become sticky and cling to damaged site  2. Anchored platelets release chemicals that attract more platelets - Forms a platelet plug (white thrombus)  3. Platelets release serotonin, a chemical that causes the blood vessel to spasm. This narrows the vessel and decreases blood loss until clotting.  4. Chemical reactions galore result in fibrin, a meshwork that traps RBCs to make a clot.  5. Clot squeezes serum from the mass to dry it out.

24. Fun Facts...  This process takes 3-6 minutes. So why do we use dry gauze and pressure when we are bleeding?  Gauze give platelets a place to stick and pressure increases the rate of the chemical reactions that need to occur. Cool!!

26. Kickin’ Cardiovascular System

27. I. System Anatomy  Heart  Blood Vessels  Lymphatic

28. II. System Physiology  Transportation of Blood which contains:  Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide  Nutrients  Waste  Hormones  Disease Fighters (WBC’s)

29. III. The Happy Heart  Size of your fist  Less than 1 pound  Covered by pericardium  Coronary arteries (blood vessels) – give heart blood  4 chambers –2 atria (atrium) – receive blood, top of heart –2 ventricles – discharge blood, bottom of heart

32. Path of Blood Through the Heart 1. Inferior/Superior Vena Cava (bring blood from body to heart) 2. Right Atrium 3. Tricuspid Valve 4. Right Ventricle 5. Pulmonary Semilunar Valve 6. Pulmonary arteries Lungs – Release CO 2 and picks up O 2

33. Path of Blood Through the Heart 7. Pulmonary Veins 8. Left Atrium 9. Bicuspid Valve 10. Left Ventricle (biggest part) 11. Aortic Semilunar Valve 12. Aorta 13. Arteries 14. Capillaries (release O 2 to cells, pick up CO 2 ) 15. Veins – Back to Heart AGAIN

34. IV. Hip, Hip Hooray – Heart Physiology  Atria collect blood  Ventricles Discharge blood  Soooo…. Ventricles are the actual pump. When they contract, blood moves.

35. A. Double Pump System  Right Side  Pulmonary Circuit  Receives oxygen poor blood from body  Pumps to Lungs to pick up Oxygen and release carbon dioxide

36. A. Double Pump System  Left Side  Systemic Circuit  Receives Oxygen rich blood from lungs  Pumps blood to body cells to supply them with oxygen and pick up carbon dioxide

37. B. Valves  1. Prevent Backwash  2. Heartbeat

38. B. Valves (cont)  “lub”-bicuspid/tricuspid valve closing; longer and louder sound  “dup”-Semilunars closing; shorter and sharper

39. B. Arteries – Blood away from heart  Take blood away from the heart  No Valves  High Pressure--thick walls with strong tunica media --strong and stretchy because close to the change in pressure (diastole) and close to the heart.

40. C. Veins – Blood to heart  Take blood toward the heart  Valves to prevent backflow because...  Low pressure  Thin Walls  Far from the heart and change in pressure

41. Mechanical heart valve

42. C. Intrinsic Conduction System  Nodal System  Atria beat at 60 beats/min  Ventricles beat at 20-40 beats/min  Nodal system unifies it to about 75 beats/min

43. Nodal System  1. SA node  Located in right atrium  Pacemaker – starts the heartbeat and sets the pace for the whole heart

45. Nodal System  2. AV Node  Wringing contraction of ventricles from apex toward atria (ejects blood from heart)

47. Cardiac Cycle  Diastole  Complete relaxation  AV valves (bi and tricuspid) open  Semilunar valves closed  Atria empty blood into ventricles  Pressure in heart is low

48. Cardiac Cycle  Systole  Bi/Tricuspid close,  Semilunar valves open  Ventricles contract  Blood rushes out of heart  Pressure in heart is high  Atria are filling

49. V. Blood Vessels  Superhighway for blood  Microscopic Anatomy of Vessels  Tunica interna (intima) – lines interior of vessels – made of endothelial tissue  Tunica media –made of smooth muscle and elastic tissue  Tunica externa – outermost layer – protects the vessels

51. D. Capillaries  Connect arteries to veins  Very thin...Just tunica intima  Transparent, one-cell layer thick  GAS EXCHANGE TAKES PLACE HERE

52. Flow of blood through vessels  Aorta  Arteries  Arterioles  Capillaries  Venules  Veins  Vena Cava

53. E. Blood Vessel Physiology 1. Arterial Pulse -Pressure wave created by the expansion and recoil of an artery that occurs with each beat of the left ventricle. Average is 70-76 beats per minute Average is 70-76 beats per minute Pulse points are listed in book. Take a look and try to find them on your body. Pulse points are listed in book. Take a look and try to find them on your body.

55. 2. Blood Pressure * Pressure the blood exerts against the inner walls of blood vessels. * Pressure the blood exerts against the inner walls of blood vessels. * Force that keeps blood circulating between beats * Force that keeps blood circulating between beats * Pressure in arteries near the heart * Pressure in arteries near the heart Systolic: Pressure in arteries at peak of ventricular contraction Systolic: Pressure in arteries at peak of ventricular contraction Diastolic: Pressure when ventricles are relaxing Diastolic: Pressure when ventricles are relaxing

57. Procedure for taking blood pressure 1. Pump up to about 150 (exceed systolic). Stops blood flow. 1. Pump up to about 150 (exceed systolic). Stops blood flow. 2. Reduce pressure in cuff while listening carefully. 2. Reduce pressure in cuff while listening carefully. 3. When first soft tapping sounds are heard, SYSTOLIC 3. When first soft tapping sounds are heard, SYSTOLIC 4. As pressure is reduced, sounds get louder. When no sounds, record DIASTOLIC 4. As pressure is reduced, sounds get louder. When no sounds, record DIASTOLIC

58. 3. What messes up blood pressure? * Friction in Blood Vessel (viscosity, atherosclerosis) * Friction in Blood Vessel (viscosity, atherosclerosis)

59. 3. What messes up blood pressure? * Nervous System (narrows vessels)-fear, exercise, blood loss * Nervous System (narrows vessels)-fear, exercise, blood loss

60. 3. What messes up blood pressure? * Kidneys (alter blood volume) * Kidneys (alter blood volume)

61. 3. What messes up blood pressure? * Temperature (cold restricts vessels, hot dilates vessels) * Temperature (cold restricts vessels, hot dilates vessels)

62. 3. What messes up blood pressure? * Chemicals (alcohol & histamines dilate, nicotine constricts) * Chemicals (alcohol & histamines dilate, nicotine constricts)

63. Cardiovascular System Heart/Lung Model Project Your task is to construct a three dimensional model of a human heart and lungs. You may use any kind of materials you choose; however, your model must have all of the following structures: Your task is to construct a three dimensional model of a human heart and lungs. You may use any kind of materials you choose; however, your model must have all of the following structures:

64. 1. Four heart chambers 1. Four heart chambers 2. The bicuspid and tricuspid valves in the correct locations 2. The bicuspid and tricuspid valves in the correct locations 3. The aortic semilunar and pulmonary semilunar valves in the correct locations 3. The aortic semilunar and pulmonary semilunar valves in the correct locations 4. The septum 4. The septum 5. The inferior vena cava in the correct location 5. The inferior vena cava in the correct location 6. The superior vena cava in the correct location 6. The superior vena cava in the correct location 7. The pulmonary arteries and veins in the correct locations 7. The pulmonary arteries and veins in the correct locations 8. The aorta in the correct location. 8. The aorta in the correct location. 9. Both lungs properly attached to the heart with pulmonary arteries and veins 9. Both lungs properly attached to the heart with pulmonary arteries and veins

65. ALL STRUCTURES MUST BE CLEARLY AND CORRECTLY LABELED. Once your model is complete you must meet with the teacher and explain how blood flows through the heart, lungs and body. ALL STRUCTURES MUST BE CLEARLY AND CORRECTLY LABELED. Once your model is complete you must meet with the teacher and explain how blood flows through the heart, lungs and body. You will be allowed to make corrections until you meet all requirements listed above. You will be allowed to make corrections until you meet all requirements listed above.

66. Leaping Lymphatic System I. System Anatomy I. System Anatomy Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic vessels Lymph Nodes Lymph Nodes Lymph organs and tissues Lymph organs and tissues

67. II. System Physiology Returns lost excess tissue fluid (lymph) to the blood Returns lost excess tissue fluid (lymph) to the blood Only flows toward the heart Only flows toward the heart

68. III. Lymph Nodes Removes foreign material like bacteria and tumor cells Removes foreign material like bacteria and tumor cells Produces lymphocytes (remember them?) Produces lymphocytes (remember them?) Macrophages engulf and destroy bacteria, virus, and foreign substances as lymph is filtered through the nodes and before its returned to the blood. Macrophages engulf and destroy bacteria, virus, and foreign substances as lymph is filtered through the nodes and before its returned to the blood. Kidney-shaped and are less than 1 inch. They are buried. Kidney-shaped and are less than 1 inch. They are buried. Lymph nodes are working hard if they get inflammed and tender. Lymph nodes are working hard if they get inflammed and tender. If large and not painful, often a sign of cancer. If large and not painful, often a sign of cancer.

70. IV. Lymph Organs A. Spleen A. Spleen Filters the blood of bacteria, virus, debris Filters the blood of bacteria, virus, debris Destroy worn out RBCs Destroy worn out RBCs Recycle products to the liver Recycle products to the liver Stores platelets Stores platelets Blood resevoir— Blood resevoir— empties during hemorrages hemorrages

71. IV. Lymph Organs B. Thymus - Programs the lymphocytes (peaks during youth, then tapers) B. Thymus - Programs the lymphocytes (peaks during youth, then tapers)

72. IV. Lymph Organs C. Tonsils - Trap and remove any bacteria or foreign pathogens C. Tonsils - Trap and remove any bacteria or foreign pathogens

73. IV. Lymph Organs D. Peyer’s Patch - In Small intestine to trap and kill bacteria there. Yucky job!! D. Peyer’s Patch - In Small intestine to trap and kill bacteria there. Yucky job!!