1. 1 PSYCHOLOGY (8th Edition) David Myers PowerPoint Slides Aneeq Ahmad Henderson State University Worth Publishers, © 2006

2. 2 Emotion Chapter 13

3. 3 Emotion Theories of Emotion Embodied Emotion  Emotions and The Autonomic Nervous System  Physiological Similarities Among Specific Emotions  Physiological Differences Among Specific Emotions

4. 4 Emotion Embodied Emotion  Thinking Critically About: Lie Detection  Cognition And Emotion Expressed Emotion  Nonverbal Communication  Detecting and Computing Emotion

5. 5 Emotion Expressed Emotion  Culture and Emotional Expression  The Effects of Facial Expression Experienced Emotion  Fear  Anger  Happiness

6. 6 INTRODUCTION From When You Can Live Twice as Long, What Will You Do? By Charles Platt –Would you like never to be sad again? –Will the ultimate lie detector be a bane or a blessing? –Would you share another person’s total life experience? –How would you act if you felt the pain of others? –Do you want to measure your pleasure?

7. 7 Emotion Emotions are our body’s adaptive response.

8. 8 THE SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE OF AN EMOTION Transitory = set beginning and end; moods last longer Valence = positive or negative Partly elicited by a cognitive appraisal of how a situation relates to your goals Alters thought processes Elicits an action tendency Passion which happens to you

9. 9 ACTIVITY Group A: hold a pencil or pen in your mouth just behind the front teeth; keep your lips apart, not touching the pen or pencil Group B: Hold a pencil or pen between the upper lip and nose.

10. 10 Theories of Emotion Emotions are a mix of 1) physiological activation, 2) expressive behaviors, and 3) conscious experience.

11. 11 Controversy 1)Does physiological arousal precede or follow your emotional experience? 2)Does cognition (thinking) precede emotion (feeling)?

12. 12 Commonsense View When you become happy, your heart starts beating faster. First comes conscious awareness, then comes physiological activity. Bob Sacha

13. 13 EMOTION GRAPHIC ORGANIZER Fill in the names of the theories in the circles: –James-Lange –Cannon-Bard –Two-Factor or Schacter-Singer Summarize the theory in a sentence in the first rectangle Place key words and an example in the second rectangle

14. 14 James-Lange Theory William James and Carl Lange proposed an idea that was diametrically opposed to the common-sense view. The James-Lange Theory proposes that physiological activity precedes the emotional experience.

15. 15 Cannon-Bard Theory Walter Cannon and Phillip Bard questioned the James- Lange Theory and proposed that an emotion-triggering stimulus and the body's arousal take place simultaneously.

16. 16 Cannon-Bard Theory The emotion-triggering stimulus is routed simultaneously to the brain’s cortex, causing the subjective awareness of emotion, and to the sympathetic nervous system, causing the body’s arousal

17. 17 JAMES-LANGE VS CANNON-BARD James-Lange: To experience emotion you must first perceive your body’s arousal Cannon- Bard: Emotions occur separately from (though simultaneously with) the body’s arousal.

18. 18 Two-Factor Theory Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer proposed yet another theory which suggests our physiology and cognitions create emotions. Emotions have two factors– physical arousal and cognitive label.

19. 19 Schacter-Singer’s Two-Factor Theory Emotions are physiologically similar Therefore, an emotional experience requires a conscious interpretation of the arousal.

20. 20 ARE YOU SURE YOU’RE IN/OUT OF LOVE? Read the brief descriptions of behavior. How would you explain these two scenarios based on Schachter’s two-factor theory of emotion? Can you think of other examples of behavior that illustrate Schachter’s theory?

21. 21 Example #1 You gather your courage; you make your entrance; and, after some awkward introductions; you find a comfortable corner where you can sit and pretend to be enjoying yourself. You are making polite conversation with someone who doesn’t quite interest you when, from the other side of the room, a very attractive person of the opposite sex catches your eye.

22. 22 Example #1, cont Across the crowded room, your gazes lock; you offer each other a tentative smile. Suddenly, you find that you cannot keep your eyes off each other. Simultaneously, both of you ease yourselves free of the people you have been talking to and head toward each other. As you move toward the center of the room; you feel your heart pounding against your ribs, and you can hardly breathe. At this moment you realize you have fallen in love at first sight.

23. 23 EXAMPLE #2 Kept late by a teacher, you hurry through the empty corridors for your next class. As you round a corner, you spot your beloved standing and talking with a very good- looking person of the opposite sex. The two of them are so interested in each other that they fail to notice you. You watch them laughing, talking animatedly,

24. 24 Example #2, cont And touching each other gently as they make this point or that. You duck out of sight, but you take one quick peek just to be sure that what you suspect is right. As you see them together, you are convinced that your beloved is cheating on you with this attractive person. Your heart beats faster, you suck in air, your muscles tighten, and you feel overwhelming anger.

25. 25 EXAMPLE #2, CONT. You step out where they can see you. You shout at your beloved, “It’s all over! I couldn’t love somebody who would do this kind of thing to me!”

26. 26 REVIEW QUESTION Christine is holding her 8-month-old baby when a fierce dog appears out of nowhere and, with teeth bared, leaps for the baby’s face. Christine immediately ducks for cover to protect the baby, screams at the dog, then notices that her heart is banging in her chest and she’s broken out in a cold sweat. How would the James-Lange, Cannon- Bard, and Schachter-Singer’s two-factor theories each explain Christine’s emotional reaction?

27. 27 Embodied Emotion We know that emotions involve bodily responses. Some of these responses are very noticeable (butterflies in our stomach when fear arises), but others are more difficult to discern (neurons activated in the brain).

28. 28 The Autonomic Nervous System Activity Pair off; one person is subject, the other experimenter Experimenter: practice taking the pulse of the subject Experimenter: prepare data sheet; number 1 to 8 with two additional spaces marked 10 and 15 Record pulse of subject on teacher’s instructions; label as base rate Subject: write essay on emotional incident; Experimenter: take pulse as instructed – every thirty seconds record after numbers; label as arousal rate Subject: stop writing essay, relax. Experimenter: take pulse as instructed, record after #’s 10 and 12, label as recovery Together: prepare graph; X = trials; Y = beats per minute (label base rate, arousal rate, and recovery)

29. 29 Emotions and Autonomic Nervous System During an emotional experience, our autonomic nervous system mobilizes energy in the body that arouses us (sympathetic branch).

30. 30 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Sympathetic branch of the nervous system directs the adrenal glands to release stress hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). Liver pours extra sugar into bloodstream stimulating physiological responses Parasympathetic branch of the nervous system inhibits further release of stress hormones; arousal diminishes gradually

31. 31 Arousal and Performance Arousal in short spurts is adaptive. We perform better under moderate arousal, but optimal performance varies with task difficulty.

32. 32 Physiological Similarities Physiological responses related to the emotions of fear, anger, love, and boredom are very similar. Excitement and fear involve a similar physiological arousal. M. Grecco/ Stock Boston

33. 33 Physiological Differences Physical responses, like finger temperature and movement of facial muscles, change during fear, rage, and joy. The amygdala shows differences in activation during the emotions of anger and rage. Activity of the left hemisphere (happy) is different from the right (depressed), for emotions.

34. 34 PHYSIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES IN EMOTIONS Differences in physiological responses would support the James-Lange theory Why? Differing brain circuits used Preponderance of left frontal lobe vs right frontal lobe activity may explain positive vs negative personalities (may be due to availability of dopamine in left hemisphere)

35. 35 PHYSIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES Emotional intensity of those with severed spinal cords varies according to where along spinal chord the injury occurred Therefore, new support for James-Lange Why?

36. 36 Cognition and Emotion What is the connection between how we think (cognition) and how we feel (emotion)? Can we change our emotions by changing our thinking?

37. 37 COGNITION AND EMOTION The involvement of cognition in the experience of emotion is support for the Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion The labeling of the emotion based on the cognitive appraisal is support for the Schachter Two Factor Theory

38. 38 Cognition Can Define Emotion An arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event (transfer of excitation). Support: bridge experiment; rape; epinephrine/spillover experiment Arousal from a soccer match can fuel anger, which may lead to rioting. AP Photo/ Nati Harnik Reuters/ Corbis

39. 39 Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion A subliminally presented happy face can encourage subjects to drink more than when presented with an angry face (Berridge & Winkeilman, 2003). Emotions are felt directly through the amygdala (a) or through the cortex (b) for analysis.

40. 40 COGNITION DOES NOT ALWAYS PRECEDE EMOTION Note pathway in previous slide Speed of message enabled by directness May be so fast, we are unaware of what’s transpired

41. 41 Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion When fearful eyes were subliminally presented to subjects, fMRI scans revealed higher levels of activity in the amygdala (Whalen et al. 2004). Courtesy of Paul J. Whalen, PhD, Dartmouth College, www.whalenlab.info

42. 42 EMOTION AND COGNITION Amygdala sends more neural projections TO the cortex than it receives back This makes it easier for our feelings to hijack our thinking than for our thinking to rule our feelings SOME emotional reactions involve no deliberate thinking

43. 43 Two Routes to Emotion Zajonc (ZI-yence) and LeDoux (1984) emphasize that some emotions are immediate, without conscious appraisal. Lazarus, Schachter, and Singer (1998) emphasize that appraisal also determines emotions.

44. 44 APPRAISAL According to Lazarus how else would we KNOW what we are reacting to APPRAISAL is the key esp for complex emotions, for example: guilt

45. 45 Expressed Emotion Emotions are expressed on the face, by the body, and by the intonation of voice. Is this non-verbal language of emotion universal?

46. 46 NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION Suppressing an emotion requires more mental energy and attention (may affect memory of event) We are especially good at detecting nonverbal threats We read fear and anger mostly from the eyes, happiness from the mouth Some people are better at thin slicing than others Experience can sensitize us to particular emotions

47. Ekman Research Ekman Research on Nonverbal Expression of EmotionEkman Research on Nonverbal Expression of Emotion 47

48. 48 Nonverbal Communication Most of us are good at deciphering emotions through non-verbal communication. In a crowd of faces a single angry face will “pop out” faster than a single happy face (Fox et al. 2000).

49. 49 Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior Women are much better at discerning nonverbal emotions than men. When shown sad, happy, and scary film clips women expressed more emotions than men.

50. 50 Gender and Emotion Women are more likely to describe themselves as empathic (define) Gender differences in the emotions women and men express best (example: men convey anger better)

51. 51 FACIAL EXPRESSION Pyramidal motor system controls voluntary facial movements Extrapryamidal motor system controls involuntary facial movements (Example: authentic or Duchenne smile) Dominant side of the brain for emotion: right therefore left side of face shows more emotion

52. 52 DETECTING AND COMPUTING EMOTIONS ACTIVITY Number your paper from 1 to 8 Select the correct emotion for each picture from the following list. Do NOT share your responses with other group members. When finished, determine how much your group agreed on the emotions expressed in the pictures

53. 53 EMOTIONS: Deep hatred Controlled anger Sarcastic smile Fear Confusion Contempt Derision Obligatory smile

54. 54 Detecting and Computing Emotion Most people find it difficult to detect deceiving emotions. Even trained professionals like police officers, psychiatrists, judges, and polygraphists detected deceiving emotions only 54% of the time. Which of Paul Ekman’s smiles is genuine? Dr. Paul Elkman, University of California at San Francisco

55. 55 COMMUNICATION Why are email/text messages often misinterpreted?

56. 56 Hindu Dance In classical Hindu dance, the body is trained to effectively convey 10 different emotions. Network Photographers/ Alamy

57. 57 Culture and Emotional Expression When culturally diverse people were shown basic facial expressions, they did fairly well at recognizing them (Ekman & Matsumoto, 1989). Elkman & Matsumoto, Japanese and Caucasian Facial Expression of Emotion

58. 58 CULTURE AND EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION Children’s, even blind children’s, facial expressions are universal Smiles are a social phenomena Cultures do differ in how much emotion they express and under what circumstances. Example?

59. 59 Emotions are Adaptive Darwin speculated that our ancestors communicated with facial expressions in the absence of language. Nonverbal facial expressions led to our ancestor’s survival. Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

60. 60 Analyzing Emotion Analysis of emotions are carried on different levels.

61. 61 The Effects of Facial Expression If facial expressions are manipulated, like furrowing brows, people feel sad while looking at sad pictures. Attaching two golf tees to the face and making their tips touch causes the brow to furrow. Courtesy of Louis Schake/ Michael Kausman/ The New York Times Pictures

62. 62 EFFECTS OF FACIAL EXPRESSIONS Facial feedback effect (more broadly: behavior feedback) – describe What emotion theory does this effect support? How does this effect relate to empathy?

63. 63 Experienced Emotion Izard (1977) isolated 10 emotions. Most of them are present in infancy, except for contempt, shame, and guilt. Lew Merrim/ Photo Researchers, Inc. Nancy Brown/ The Image Bank Tom McCarthy/ Rainbow Patrick Donehue/ Photo Researchers, Inc. Marc Grimberg/ The Image Bank Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works Michael Newman/ PhotoEdit

64. 64 EXPERIENCED EMOTION Complete Self-Rating Index based on Plutchik’s eight basic emotions. These differ from Izard’s and others’ lists Convert your score for each question based on the key at the bottom of the scoring sheet. Circle all appropriate categories. Add each category and compute percentages

65. 65 INTERPRETATION OF SELF- RATING INVENTORY Inc = incorporation = acceptance/affiliation Ori = orientation = surprise Pro = protection = fear Dep = deprivation = sadness/depression Rej = rejection = disgust Exp = exploration = expectation Des = destruction = anger Rep = reproduction = joy

66. 66 Dimensions of Emotion People generally divide emotions into two dimensions. Give an example for each quadrant.

67. 67 Fear Fear can torment us, rob us of sleep, and preoccupy our thinking. However, fear can be adaptive – it makes us run away from danger, it brings us closer as groups, and it protects us from injury and harm.

68. 68 Learning Fear Watson (1878-1958) We learn fear in two ways, either through conditioning (name researcher?) and/or through observation (name researcher?). By Monika Suteski

69. 69 The Biology of Fear Some fears are easier to learn than others. The amygdala in the brain associates emotions like fear with certain situations. Courtesy of National Geographic Magazine and Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI) at UCLA. Art and brain modeling by Amanda Hammond, Jacopo Annese, and Authur Toga, LONI; spider art by Joon-Hyuck Kim

70. 70 Anger Anger “carries the mind away,” (Virgil, 70-19 B.C.), but “makes any coward brave,” (Cato 234- 149 B.C.).

71. 71 ANGER List ten situations that anger you Rank the situations from those that anger you the least to those that anger you the most What factors seem to be at the root of your anger? (example: frustration)

72. 72 Causes of Anger 1.People generally become angry with friends and loved ones who commit wrongdoings, especially if they are willful, unjustified, and avoidable. 2.People are also angered by foul odors, high temperatures, traffic jams, and aches and pains.

73. 73 Catharsis Hypothesis Venting anger through action or fantasy achieves an emotional release or “catharsis.” Freud developed idea of catharsis NEW RESEARCH: Expressing anger breeds more anger, and through reinforcement it is habit-forming.

74. 74 Cultural & Gender Differences 1.Boys respond to anger by moving away from that situation, while girls talk to their friends (tend and befriend) or listen to music. 2.Anger breeds prejudice. The 9/11 attacks led to an intolerance towards immigrants and Muslims. 3.The expression of anger is more encouraged in cultures that do not promote group behavior (individualist) than in cultures that do promote group behavior (collectivist). Wolfgang Kaehler

75. 75 Happiness People who are happy perceive the world as being safer. They are able to make decisions easily, are more cooperative, rate job applicants more favorably, and live healthier, energized, and more satisfied lives.

76. 76 Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon When we feel happy we are more willing to help others = altruism.

77. 77 Subjective Well-Being Subjective well-being is the self-perceived feeling of happiness or satisfaction with life. Research on new positive psychology is on the rise. http://web.fineliving.com

78. 78 Emotional Ups and Downs Our positive moods rise to a maximum within 6-7 hours after waking up. Negative moods stay more or less the same throughout the day.

79. 79 Emotional Ups and Downs Over the long run, our emotional ups and downs tend to balance. Although grave diseases can bring individuals emotionally down, most people adapt. Courtesy of Anna Putt

80. 80 EMOTIONAL UPS AND DOWNS EVEN TRAGEDY IS NOT PERMANENTLY DEPRESSING WE OVERESTIMATE THE DURATION OF EMOTIONS AND UNDERESTIMATE OUR CAPACITY TO ADAPT.

81. 81 Wealth and Well-being Many people in the West believe that if they were wealthier, they would be happier. However, data suggests that they would only be happy temporarily.

82. 82 Wealth and Well-being 1.In affluent societies, people with more money are happier than people who struggle for their basic needs. 2.People in rich countries are happier than people in poor countries. 3.A sudden rise in financial conditions makes people happy. However, people who live in poverty or in slums are also satisfied with their life.

83. 83 Does Money Buy Happiness? Wealth is like health: Its utter absence can breed misery, yet having it is no guarantee of happiness.

84. 84 HAPPINESS Video clip "Pursuit of Happiness"

85. 85 Happiness & Satisfaction Subjective well-being (happiness + satisfaction) measured in 82 countries shows Puerto Rico and Mexico (poorer countries) at the top of the list.

86. 86 Values & Life Satisfaction Students who value love more than money report higher life satisfaction.

87. 87 Happiness & Prior Experience Adaptation-Level Phenomenon: Like the adaptation to brightness, volume, and touch, people adapt to income levels. “Satisfaction has a short half-life” (Ryan, 1999).

88. 88 Happiness is not only relative to our past, but also to our comparisons with others. Relative Deprivation is the perception that we are relatively worse off than those we compare ourselves with. Can you give some specific examples of relative deprivation? Happiness & Others’ Attainments

89. 89 Predictors of Happiness Why are some people generally more happy than others?