2. Lecture 7: Race--African Americans History of slavery and discrimination Civil Rights Movement Integration Affirmative Action

3. African Americans: early history of slavery 18th century -most widespread on coastal plantations of Virginia and Carolinas--rice, tobacco, cotton Two major technological changes effecting slavery in early 19th century -cotton gin -industrial revolution -“king cotton”

4. Civil War Era Dred Scott v Sanford (1857) -federal govt cannot ban slavery from some states -blacks cannot be citizens Civil War (1861-65) Passage of 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments Reconstruction (1865-77) -black voting and office-holding -Freedman’s Bureau “40 acres and a mule” -for most: from slavery to cropping shares

5. Retreat: Post Reconstruction Re-establishing segregation: “Black codes” and “Jim Crow” Plessy v Ferguson (1892) -“separate but equal” Denying the vote: -poll taxes -literacy tests -“grandfather clauses”

6. Great Migration WWI--tractors and mechanization beginning 1920s Harlem Renaissance WWII--work in northern factories 1940-60s--mass migration from rural to urban population language, culture, music, political power

7. Creation of the Ghetto de-industrialization from 60’s on suburbanization/“white flight” “block-busting” Federal govt. “red-lining” urban renewal and public housing policy

8. Civil Rights Mvmt Brown v Board of Ed. (1954) -Overturns Plessy Montgomery bus boycott (1955) NAACP joined by SCLC then SNCC Civil Rights Act 1964 -outlaws discrimination in employment and accommodation -establishes EEOC Voting Rights Act 1965 -outlaws poll taxes and literacy tests

9. Effect of Voting Rights on South March 1965 November 1988 Black White Gap Black White Gap AL 19.3 69.2 49.9 68.4 75.0 6.6 GA 27.4 62.6 35.2 56.8 63.9 7.1 LA 31.6 80.5 48.9 77.1 75.1 -2.0 MS 6.7 69.9 63.2 74.2 80.5 6.3

10. Integration New Deal programs included blacks, then war industries Army segregated until Korea (1951) Education: 10 years after Brown--little to show Busing imposed by federal courts (1966-80) amidst resistance and flight

11. Changing direction Early 70s Supreme Court limits imposed integration to remedy only de jure, not de facto segregation, cities not suburbs 1991 Oklahoma City case reverses the need to continually integrate

12. Integration-- Achievements: 1968-88 dramatic increase in number of blacks in majority white schools

13. Integration--failures resegregation: today over 2/3 of black kids are in majority black schools

14. Affirmative Action Beginning in 1960s -preferences for minorities and women for govt hiring, contracts, and govt funded education -voluntary preferences in private sector Bakke v Regents of UC (1978) -no quotas, but as a factor OK California’s Prop 209 (1996) -race-blind admissions, but not quite sweeping the country recent Michigan case allowed Affirmative Action