1. Civil Rights Powers and privileges guaranteed to individuals by government. This presentation is the property of Dr. Kevin Parsneau for use by him and his current students. No other person may use or reprint without his permission.

2. Civil Liberties vs Civil Rights Civil Liberties—constraints upon the power of government vis-a-vis its citizens. Civil Rights—powers and privileges guaranteed to individuals by government.

3. Civil Rights Civil Rights are not specifically stated in the Constitution (implied by XIV Amendment) Civil Rights require the government to be proactive Civil Rights have been won through mass political actions and not only during the 1960s “Civil Rights” Era.

4. The Struggle for Racial Equality 1857 Dred Scott (Dred Scott v. Sanford) Civil War (1861-1865) Constitutional Amendments (XIII, XIV, XV)

5. XIV Amendment “No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”

6. Separate But Equal “Jim Crow” Laws Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

7. Laws to Reinforce Inequality “Jim Crow” Laws – Literacy tests – Poll Taxes – Grandfather Clauses

8. The Civil Rights Movement Northern Migration NAACP (1909) – W.E.B. DuBois (founder) WWII and the Cold War

9. The Civil Rights Movement Brown v. Board of Education (1954) – “…in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate education facilities are inherently unequal.” – De jure vs. de facto equality

10. Famous Civil Rights Actions Rosa Parks (1955) Emmett Till (1955) Greensboro Lunch Counter (1960) Medgar Evers (1963) “I Have a Dream” (1963) Freedom Summer (1964) The Civil Rights Act (1964)

11. Civil Rights Act 1964 Equal Voting Rights (Voting Rights Act 1965) Prohibits Segregation Bans Discrimination Establishes E.E.O.C.

12. Voting Rights Act 1965 Federal Oversight of Equal Voting Rights No voting standards, practices or procedures to deny citizens on account of race or color Courts apply “strict scrutiny” on civil rights discrimination cases placing the burden on the government to show that an action is constitutional

13. The Struggle for Gender Equality Early Women’s Movement (mid 1800s) American Woman Suffrage Association National Woman Suffrage Association – Elizabeth Cady Stanton – Susan B. Anthony 19th Amendment (1920)

14. Modern Women’s Movement Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique (1963) Equal Rights Amendment (1972) End to Exclusivity – Title IX – Franklin v. Gwinnett Co. Public Schools – Citadel and Virginia Military Academy – Augusta Country Club – Lilly Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire and Rubber (2007) Intermediate scrutiny

15. Gender Discrimination Intermediate scrutiny – In gender discrimination cases places the burden on both the challenger and the government to demonstrate constitutionality

16. Other Groups American Indians Hispanic / Latino/ Latina Asian Americans Aged People with Disabilities Gays and lesbians

17. How far have we come? Affirmative Action – Government policies to address past grievances that contribute to contemporary inequalities

18. Affirmative Action Arguments for: Arguments against:

19. How far have we come? U.C. Davis v. Bakke – Compelling need – No quotas – No separate application process

20. How far have we come? In what ways are Americans equal or unequal? What groups have made claims for equal rights? What is the government’s proper role in guaranteeing equality?