1. Module 6 – Redirections, Pipes and Power Tools.

2. STDin 0 STDout 1 STDerr 2 Redirections

3. Capture STDout with 1> or simply > Append STDout with >> # ls > list.txt Redirections

4. Capture STDerr with 2> Append STDerr with 2>> # ls bogos.txt 2> errors.txt Redirections

5. Merging Standard Output With Standard Error Merge standard output and standard error in to the same file with 2>&1 – binding the streams together # ls ort.txt bogos.txt 2>&1 both.txt

6. Regular Expressions (RegEx).Matches any single character [list]Matches any single character in the list [range]Matches any single character in range [^ ]Matches any single character not in list or range *Matches previous character 0 or more times \{n\}Matches previous character n times \{n,\}Matches previous character at least n times \{n,m\}Matches previous character between n and m times ^Matches regular expressions at the start of the line only $Matches regular expressions at the end of the line only \Quote recognition of special characters

7. A pipe ( | ) takes the output of the command and passes it as an input into the following command. A pipe will continue to pass STDout even if there is an error. he will simply drop STDerr # ls -l /etc | wc -l Pipes

8. The grep command is used to search text or searches the given file for lines containing a match to the given strings or words. By default, grep displays the matching lines. # grep ro /etc/passwd Or # cat /etc/passwd | grep ro -i, --ignore-case # cat /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf | grep -i server The grep command

9. Combining grep with regex # ls -l /etc | grep "^d“ # ls -l /etc | grep "d$“ # grep '50[0-9]' /etc/passwd # ifconfig | grep -o '[0-9][0-9][0-9]\.[0-9][0-9][0-9]\.[0-9][0-9][0-9]\.[0-9][0-9][0-9]‘ # ifconfig | grep -o '[0-9]\{3\}\.[0-9]\{3\}\.[0-9]\{3\}\.[0-9]\{3\}'

10. The cut command can cut fields. We need to define the delimiter and we need to tell the cut command which field to cut: # cat /etc/passwd | cut –d”:” -f1 !!! Don’t forget to sort the spaces for cut with the tr command. The cut command

11. The cut command can cut fields. # ls -l /tmp | cut –d” ” -f1,5 !!! Don’t forget to sort the spaces for cut with the tr command. The cut command

12. The tr command The tr is used to squeeze multiple spaces into one space, helping the cut command in cutting the rows: # ls -l | tr -s “ “ | cut -d” “ –f1,4 !!! note the tr command “need” a space after the –s option

13. By default the sort command sort files in alphabetical order. We can sort by numbers with -n # ls -l /etc | sort !!! The sort command usually comes before the uniq command. The sort command

14. The uniq command can identify uniq entries, duplicate entries and can also count those entries. # uniq # uniq -d (duplicates) # uniq -dc (duplicates and count) The uniq command

15. Although awk is a complete pattern scanning and processing language, it is most commonly used as a Unix command-line filter to reformat the output of other commands. Basic awk example: # cat /etc/passwd | awk ‘{print $1}’ awk

16. sed is a steam editor We used sed earlier when we learned Search&Replace in VI. Remember VI ? :1,$s/old/new/g And in the shell: # sed –i 's/SELINUX=enforcing/SELINUX=disabled/g' /etc/sysconfig/selinux # sed -n '/ort/p' passwd > ort.txt sed

17. A process is considered to have completed correctly in Linux if its exit status was 0. Any other result greater then 0 is considered an error. To find the exit status: # echo $? Unix/Linux Exit Status

18. ; Run multiple commands in one run, sequentially. # ls ; echo hello ; tail -2 /etc/passwd & Sends process background(run in background paralleling ) #./script.sh & && What the double-ampersands are telling the system is "wait for the first command to successfully complete. If it does complete successfully, run the next command". Chaining Commands

19. Search Commands updatedb + locate which and whereis The find command (as root) # find / -name passwd

20. Exercise 1.Use redirection to save the ls command to a file. 2.Generate an error with ls and save the errors in a file 3.Generate both “good” STDout and “bad” STDerr and save them both in one file. 4.Count the directories under /home 5.Count all the users in the system 6.print only the permissions and the file-name fields using the cut command 7.Use awk to print the first and last field from /etc/passwd 8.use the find command to search for all files and directories with the name of passwd

21. Exercise 9. Log-in to the instructor server and find how many users are logged-in more then once and how many times are those users logged-in. 10.Where is the binary of the fdisk tool ? 11.find all the files and directories in the system with full permissions (777) 12.Find all the files in the system bigger then 2MB 13.Use the df command to print only the directory name (mount point) and the size 14. Use the fdisk tool to print only the disks without the partitions. 15.Copy /etc/passwd to your home dir and replace the shell from bash to sh