1. Alexander & Hellenistic Greece SS.A.2.4.4; SS.B.1.4.4; SS.B.2.4.1

2. Macedonia Threatens Greece To the Greeks, Macedonia, their northern neighbors were uncivilized barbarians loosely organized in groups By 400 B.C. Macedonia emerges as a powerful kingdom 359 B.C.: Philip II becomes king of Mac. Philip loved Greek culture and dreamed of a unified, powerful Greece headed by his Macedonian kingdom Crushing Greece at the battle of Chaeronea (338 B.C.), Philip wants all Greeks to invade Persia Before the invasion, Philip is assassinated

3. Macedonian Growth

4. The Rise of Alexander At 20, Philip’s son Alexander crowned king With 37,000 troops (5,000 cavalry) Alexander invades Asia Minor in 334 B.C. 332: Alexander has conquered large parts of Persian Empire; including: Asia Minor, Egypt, Palestine and Syria (builds city of Alexandria as Greek capital of Egypt) 331: Persian Empire falls to Alexander

5. Persian Empire

6. Alexander’s World After he conquers the Persian Empire, Alexander continues moving east & N.E. Alexander conquers Pakistan, and moves across the Indus River into India Alexander’s men refuse to fight, Alex returns to Babylon 323 B.C. Alexander dies from wounds, fever and too much alcohol

7. Alexander’s Empire

8. Alexander’s Legacy Alexander strived to be like Achilles, from Homer’s Iliad, and slept with a copy of the poem and a dagger under his pillow Empire=lots of land=lots of gold=good economy for Greece Greek language, architecture, literature and art spread through SW Asia A’s successors create military kingdoms

9. Hellenistic Kingdoms Hellenistic Era: meaning “to imitate Greeks” this era saw the adoption of Greek culture and ideas by non-Greeks After Alex’s death, the empire was divided into four others: Syria, Egypt, Macedonia and Pergamum (in Asia Minor) In Hellenistic kingdoms, Greek was the official language Greeks encouraged to come to Asia and colonize

10. Hellenistic Kingdoms

11. Hellenistic Culture The Hellenistic Era was a period of considerable accomplishment in Greek science and philosophy Alexandria, Egypt becomes the center of Hellenistic thought A large library was built in Alexandria Pergamum also becomes important cultural center

12. Alexandria

13. Hellenistic Art & Architecture Building new cities=need for architects and artists Many rich people commissioned artists to create works of art Artists enlisted to beautify older cities Statues even more life-like, moving from idealistic forms to more realistic, emotional characteristics

14. Nike

15. Hellenistic Literature Enormous amounts of literature written Writing considered important by kings Appolonius writes epic poem Argonautica Theocritus writes love and nature poems, believing Homer set the standard for epics Athens remains center of Greek drama Comedies as pure entertainment, not political commentary, become more pop.

16. Jason & The Argonauts

17. Hellenistic Science Much progress in Math and Astronomy Aristarchus of Samos: “Earth revolves around the Sun” Euclid writes Elements, describing principles of Plane Geometry still used Eratosthenes calculates the circumference of the Earth to within 185 miles of its actual circumference— impressive

18. Archimedes Archimedes most famous Hellenistic scientist Known for work with spheres & cylinders Established mathematical constant π (Pi) “Eureka!”: discovered specific gravity Invented Archimedes’ Screw: used to pump water out of mines and lift irrigation

19. Archimedes

20. Hellenistic Philosophy Athens=center of Hellenistic philosophy Schools emerge teaching many ideas: –Epicureanism: people do what they want, happiness=pleasure, free oneself from turmoil of public activity. Friendship=meaning of life –Stoicism: Happiness=inner-peace achieved by living will of God, and public service=noble

21. Do Now Turn to page 143, write and answer questions 1, 2, 3, 4 & 6