1. SETTLING DOWN, BUILDING CITIES, & ESTABLISHING STATES Part 2

2. WHY THE RISE OF SOCIAL COMPLEXITY?  Hypotheses centered on:  1.  2.  3.  Many hypotheses proposed  _____________________________ External factors and Internal factors

3. NATUFIANS  _______________  Wild cereals, nuts, & wild game  ______________  __________________  sedentism  2 dozen villages (~40-150ppl)  Architecture  Implications of social stratification

4. WHAT IS SOCIAL COMPLEXITY?  Natufians were at first an _____________________  What is egalitarian? _________ __________________ Social Complexity 1. 2. 3.

5. COMPLEX SOCIETY  1. increase in population size  2. extensive division of labor  3. occupational specialization  These are associated with ‘social complexity’

6. ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF SOCIAL COMPLEXITY  1. ___________  Mayan Civilization  Tikal, Guatemala  Dominated the Maya region politically, economically, and militarily Temple of the Giant Jaguar

7. ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF SOCIAL COMPLEXITY  2. grave goods Peru: 1200yr old Wari ceramic flask Peru: Funeral Chamber with Gold & Pottery

8. ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF SOCIAL COMPLEXITY  2. grave goods Varna, Bulgaria: Elite Grave Goods, Varna Necropolis 4500-4000 BC

9. ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF SOCIAL COMPLEXITY  3. _______________________________  Example: _________________________________  Occupational specialization

10. EVOLUTION OF DISEASE 99% human history we were hunter-gatherers Common diseases: _______________________ __________________: minimum contact with disease vectors 10-12,000yrs ago lifestyle change: Domestication of plants, animals More sedentary, increased population density Urbanization, industrialization =_______________

11. AGRICULTURAL POPULATIONS Sedentary, larger population = continuous exposure to vectors  _________________________ Many infectious diseases from: ___________________________________ Agriculture DOES NOT = _________________ Few crops, crop failure  ___________________ Carbohydrates  __________________

12. AGRICULTURE AND HUMAN HEALTH  Prevalence of Infectious Disease  Nutrition Consequences  1.  2.  A.  B.

13. CONSEQUENCES OF MODERNITY: “ DISEASES OF CIVILIZATION ”  Infectious Diseases  _______________________  Metabolic Stress/Parasitism  Dental decay  Chronic diseases _____________________________  Industrial cultural behaviors that lead to various, recent ailments  _________________________

14. MODERN HEALTH: THE 10 / 90 DISEQUILIBRIUM  ___________________________________  What is 90% of the health research being devoted to?