1. Invertebrates
Phylum Porifera

2. There are 2 Types of animals
Vertebrates: Animals with backbones.
Invertebrates: Animals without backbones.
* About 97% of all animal species are inverts.

3. Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera
Phylum Porifera (“pore bearers”)
There are about 10,000 different species
Are the simplest multicellular animals
Adults are either asymmetrical or radial
Cells are independent of each other
Rely on water current for food, gas exchange, excretion, & reproduction

4. Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera
Sponges come in many sizes, colors, and shapes including:
Flabellate (fan-shaped)
Arboresecent (tree-like) 4

5. Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera
Sponges come in many sizes, colors, and shapes including:
Tubular (Tube Shaped)
Caliculate (Cup Shaped) 5

6. Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera
Sponges come in many sizes, colors, and shapes including:
Globular (Ball Shaped)
Amorphous (Shapeless) 6

7. An Introduction
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8. Porifera Most are marine (saltwater)
Have tiny pores on the surface to allow water to enter & circulate through a series of canals where planktonic organisms are filtered out and eaten

9. Porifera
Planktonic: Describes small organisms that passively float or drift in a body of water.
Zooplankton: Animal like
Phytoplankton: Plant like

10. Porifera All are filter feeders:
All are sessile:
Living attached to the bottom or a surface.
All are filter feeders:
Actively filter suspended food from the water

11. Porifera: Anatomy
The outer surface is covered with flat cells and sometimes tube-like pore cells called ostia, which form canals to allow water to enter.
Simple sponges have one large atrium in the center which is also called a spongocoel

12. Fish in Atrium/Spongocoel

13. Porifera: Anatomy Food gets trapped here
Water is pumped into a larger canal lined with collar cells also called Choanocytes, which have a flagellum that creates currents and a collar that traps food.
Food gets trapped here

14. Porifera: Eating
After choanocytes trap food on their collar, and is moved along to the base of the collar
Food is then engulfed by the cell to form a food vacuole, and is digested by enzymes and pH changes
Digested food is passed to amoeboid cells, & distributes it to other cells

15. Porifera: Anatomy
Water leaves through the osculum, a large opening on the top

16. Sponges are Filter Feeders

17. Spongin Spongin: Resistant fibers for support.
Magnified spongin Highly magnified spongin
Spongin: Resistant fibers for support.

18. * Are different shapes & sizes
Porifera: Anatomy
Larger sponges need spicules for support
* Are different shapes & sizes

19. Porifera: Body Forms Considered “simple sponges”
1. Ascon: Simplest & least common body form
Considered “simple sponges”
A type of sponge having an oval shape and a thin body wall with pores leading directly into the spongocoel.
Has a single osculum at the top.

20. Ascon Body Form

21. Porifera: Body Forms Sycon is when the sponge wall appears folded
These sponges tend to be larger than asconoids and have a tubular body with a single osculum.
Similar to the ascon sponge, but the body wall is folded. The "folds" form radial canals.
Choanocytes line the radial canals rather than the spongocoel.

22. Sycon Body Form

23. Porifera: Body Plan Considered “Complex Sponges”
Leucon: Have extensive branched canal system
Considered “Complex Sponges”
Do NOT have a spongocoel (Atrium)
Have multiple exit points (oscula) for water leaving the sponge
Have increased surface area and filter large volumes of water

24. Leucon Body Form

25. Sponge Reproduction
Many are asexual: branches or buds break off and grow into separate sponges identical to the original one called Fragmentation.
* No Sound *

26. *** What are gametes? ***
Sponge Reproduction
Sexually: When both sexes release gametes during the spawning season.
Gametes: Haploid cells (sperm or egg) that functions in
sexual reproduction. The union of 2
gametes of opposite sex produces a zygote.
*** What are gametes? ***

27. Sponge Reproduction
Spawning is the production or depositing of large quantities of eggs and sperm in water.
Frog Spawn
Fish Spawning
Clam Spawning

28. More Sponge Spawning Pics.

29. Sponge Reproduction
Zygote: Diploid Cell produced by the fusion of an egg and sperm. A fertilized egg cell.
sperm
Haploid Cell
Zygote
Diploid Cell

30. Are we monoecious or dioecious?
Sponge Reproduction
Most sponges can produce both male and female gametes in the same individual and is called monoecious
Some are dioecious meaning that they have separate sexes in each individual (either male OR female…not both)
We are DIOECIOUS!
Are we monoecious or dioecious?

31. Sponge Reproduction Once the egg is fertilized, a larva is formed
Larva: Is an immature stage that may undergo a dramatic change in structure before changing to the adult body form
After no more than 2 days of free-swimming existence, the larva settles to the substrate and begins to develop into the adult form
What is “Substrate”?

32. Types of Sponges
Encrusting: form thin brightly colored growths on rocks or dead coral.

33. (example: Venus Flower Basket)
Types of Sponges
Glass sponges: live in deep water & have skeletons of fused silica spiclues.
(example: Venus Flower Basket)

34. Types of Sponges
Boring Sponges: bore thin channels through oyster shells and corals.

35. Importance
1. Bath Sponges: Harvested & used to bathe with 35

36. Commercial Importance
2. Medical: Some act as antibiotics & others have painkilling properties (still researching)
Researchers think that sponges us chemicals to limit competition among sponges…they release these chemicals to insure themselves space in the ecosystem
Some of these chemicals have been found to have beneficial pharmaceutical effects for humans, including compounds with respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antibiotic activities.

37. Commercial Importance
2. Medical: Some act as antibiotics & others have painkilling properties (still researching)
Researchers think that sponges us chemicals to limit competition among sponges…they release these chemicals to insure themselves space in the ecosystem
Some of these chemicals have been found to have beneficial pharmaceutical effects for humans, including compounds with respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antibiotic activities. 37

38. Harvesting Sponges
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39. The End.