1. US History Semester Review

2. Slavery and Western Expansion popular sovereignty - government subject to the will of the people; before the Civil War, the idea that people living in a territory had the right to decide by voting whether slavery would be allowed there Sectionalism - an exaggerated devotion to the interests of a region (loyalty to a region instead of a country)

3. Fugitive Slave Act – Laws requiring the return of runaway slaves and punishment for anyone who helped them Slavery −The law actually hurt the Southern cause by creating active hostility toward slavery among many Northerners.

4. C & E Trans

6. Amendments 13 th – Abolish slavery 14 th – Rights of citizenship regardless of race 15 th – Male right to vote regardless of race

7. Civil War and Reconstruction Emancipation Proclamation – issued by President Lincoln in 1863 to free the slaves only in Confederate States Jim Crow laws –statutes or laws created to enforce segregation

8. Settling the West Manifest Destiny Belief that the US was destined to spread across North America homestead act method of acquiring a piece of U.S. public land by living on and cultivating it assimilate to absorb a group into the culture of a larger population

10. Causes of Industrialization Abundant natural resources Cheap immigrant labor force High tariffs reduce the import of foreign goods National transportation and communication networks

11. Causes of the Growth of Big Business Little or no government intervention (see below) Development of pools, trusts, holding companies, and monopolies Practices of some big businesses sometimes limited competition laissez-faire policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation’s economy

12. Effects on the Workplace Rural migration and immigration created large, concentrated workforce Low wages, long hours, and dangerous working conditions were common in large-scale industries First large unions formed but had little bargaining power against larger companies Assembly Line – mass production of products (introduced by Henry Ford)

13. Social Darwinism - states that humans have developed through competition and natural selection with only the strongest surviving Gospel of Wealth - Theory that it is the duty of the wealthy to fund and create opportunities (libraries, universities, museums) to improve the lower classes

14. Goals of the Progressive Movement Improve society. Protect consumers. Improve the work place. Stop political and corporate corruption. muckraker a journalist who uncovers abuses and corruption in a society

15. Child Labor Many children under 14 work to provide income for families. The work is often dangerous and unhealthy Child labor laws are passed, regulating time and conditions for minors to work.

16. Effects on Politics Seventeenth Amendment is ratified, requiring direct election of senators. Nineteenth Amendment is ratified, guaranteeing women the right to vote.

17. C & E Trans

19. imperialism the actions used by one nation to exercise political or economic control over a smaller or weaker nation socialism Theory that promotes ownership of factories and farms by the people (collectively) rather than capitalists or landowners Panama Canal Canal built the US to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans to reduce the travel time of cargo and military ships

20. Open Door policy a policy that allowed each foreign nation in China to trade freely in the other nations’ spheres of influence Isolationism policy of opposition to political or economic ties with other nations Monroe Doctrine Declaration by the US warning Europe to not interfere with any countries in the Western Hemisphere Foreign policy set of guidelines and practices that a nation follows in its relations with other nations

21. Causes of World War I NATIONALISM IMPERIALISM MILITARISM ALLIANCE SYSTEM WORLD WAR I

22. U.S. Reasons for Involvement in WWI 1.Allied repayment of debt 2.German U-Boats 3.Zimmerman note – Germany promises support for Mexico to recover lost territories if U.S. enters War 4.President Wilson – unable to broker a “peace among equals” ***Need to draft to create a large army

23. Opportunities for African-Americans and Women in WW1 “Great Migration.” A-A move North for war work. 1916 – 1919 Women involved in war industries work.

24. Civil Liberties in WWI Espionage Act 1. Espionage Act – 1917 - forbade actions that obstructed recruitment or efforts to promote insubordination in the military. Sedition Act 2. Sedition Act – 1918 - it was a crime to speak against the purchase of war bonds or anything disloyal against about the US Government,the US Constitution, or the US armed forces.

25. Civil Liberties in WWI Schenck v. US 3. Schenck v. US – 1919 -The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic. [Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes] RESULT: If an act of speech posed a clear and present danger, then Congress had the power to restrain such speech.

26. Treaty of Versailles Britain and France wanted harsh conditions to insure Germany would not be a threat again Conditions: –Germany accepts blame for the War –Germany has to pay reparations (cost of war) –Nine new nations created

27. Weaknesses of the Treaty 1.Humiliates Germany 2.Ignores Russia 3.Reassigns colonies – not self- determination or freedom U.S. Senate rejects Treaty and League of Nations League of Nations is weak and ineffective

28. A Changing Society Cultural Changes Young people and women gain more independence. The working class enjoys more leisure time. New mass media in radio, movies, and sports develops. 1920’s

29. A Changing Society Changes for African Americans Harlem Renaissance begins. Great Migration during the war. NAACP battles segregation and discrimination.

30. A Changing Society Opposition to Change Nativists and a new Ku Klux Klan target immigrants, Catholics, Jews, and African Americans. Government imposes new quotas on immigration. Fundamentalists push for traditional values. Prohibition is implemented.

31. The Prohibition Experiment 1920-1933 Causes –Various religious groups thought alcohol was sinful –Need to protect the public’s health –Alcohol leads to crime, domestic abuse, and job issues –Nativism – against foreign born brewers and immigrants that used alcohol Effects –Widespread disregard for the law –Increased smuggling and bootlegging –Birth of organized crime

33. Impacts in Rural Areas Huge numbers of farm foreclosures (over 400,000 between 1929-1932) Environment issues –Overproduction destroys soil –*Extreme drought creates ‘Dust Bowl’ Migrant families –Farmers move West for work

34. Dust Bowl Creates massive relocation of Plains farmers to West Coast Migrant farmers

35. Franklin Delano Roosevelt Elected President 1932 (Democrat) – landslide victory Promised “A New Deal for the American People” Three goals: –Relief for the needy –Economic recovery –Financial reform Used radio broadcasts to explain goals to the people – “Fireside chats”

36. First Hundred Days FDR rushed through legislation to help the American people –1 st action – close the banks, send in bank examiners and new $ RESTORE CONFIDENCE

37. Financial Reform Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933 – provide federal insurance for individual accounts (FDIC) Federal Securities Act requires companies to: –Provide complete factual financial information about the company –Created rules for ‘insider’ information

38. Economic Reform Agricultural Adjustment Act – raise prices by lowering production National Industrial Recovery Act – promote fair business practices National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) – protects workers from unfair labor practices

39. Relief for the Needy Jobs –Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC) provided jobs for young men building roads, parks, and planting trees –Works Progress Administration (WPA) – created jobs for 8 million people in everything from construction to music

40. More Relief for the Needy Federal Housing Administration – government loans for home mortgages Social Security Act provides: –Retirement insurance – supplemental insurance for retirees 65 or older –Unemployment compensation –Aid to families with children and the disabled

41. Impacts of the New Deal 1.Deficit spending – spending more money on programs than the government receives in revenue 2.Expanding government’s role in the economy 3.Protection of workers’ rights 4.Banking and Finance Reform 5.Social Security 6.Environmental protection