1. The First World War US History

2. Long-Term Causes of WWI Nationalism – belief that national interests and national unity should be placed ahead of global cooperation and that a nation’s foreign affairs should be guided by self- interest Imperialism – the policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories

3. Long-Term Causes of WWI Militarism – the development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy Alliance system – treaties of assistance between nations to support one another if attacked (mutual defense)

4. Causes of World War I NATIONALISM IMPERIALISM MILITARISM ALLIANCE SYSTEM WORLD WAR I

5. Choosing Sides Central Powers –Austria-Hungary –Germany –Ottoman Empire Triple Entente (Allies) –France –Britain –Russia –United States (1917)

7. American Neutrality Isolationism – policy of opposition to political or economic ties with other nations Public opinion is strongly divided –Recent immigrants have connections to countries at war Sympathy for the Allies –Cultural / economic ties to Britain –German atrocities in Belgium

8. U.S. Enters the War 1.Allied repayment of debt $2.3 billion loaned to Allies for war materials 2.German U-Boats –British blockade of Germany –German u-boat response –Role of U.S. shipping Lusitania

9. U.S. Enters the War 3.Zimmerman note – Germany promises support for Mexico to recover lost territories if U.S. enters War 4.President Wilson – 1916 Campaign pledge “He Kept Us Out of War” unable to broker a “peace among equals”

10. Quick Review Key Concepts What are the four main causes of WWI? –Don’t look in your notes yet –One was the main goal during the game –The other three end with ism What are three reasons the US entered WWI? –Two of the reasons were things that other countries were doing or thinking of doing to us! –One big reason was to insure we got???

11. 1917 – Selective Service Act 24,000,000 men registered for the draft by the end of 1918. 4,800,000 men served in WW1 (2,000,000 saw active combat). 400,000 African-Americans served in segregated units.

13. Results of This New Organization of the Economy 1.Unemployment virtually disappeared. 2.Expansion of “big government.” 3.Excessive govt. regulations in economy. 4.Close cooperation between public and private sectors. 5.Unprecedented opportunities for disadvantaged groups.

14. Opportunities for African-Americans in WW1 “Great Migration.” 1916 – 1919 African-Americans move North for war industries work Enlistment in segregated units.

16. Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of Americans Espionage Act 1. Espionage Act – 1917 - forbade actions that obstructed recruitment or efforts to promote insubordination in the military.

17. Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of Americans Sedition Act 2. Sedition Act – 1918 - it was a crime to speak against the purchase of war bonds or willfully utter, print, write or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about this form of US Govt., the US Constitution, or the US armed forces.

18. Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of Americans Schenck v. US 3. Schenck v. US – 1919 -The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic. [Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes] - If an act of speech posed a clear and present danger, then Congress had the power to restrain such speech.

19. The Flu Epidemic Fall 1918 an international flu epidemic spreads to the US –Within a year – 500,000 dead US; 40 million worldwide –Devastates US economy Businesses forced to close (not enough workers) Consumer purchases decline

20. Wilson Fights for Peace Early 1918 German military takes over the German government German Kaiser began peace negotiations German army/navy mutiny Germany surrenders 11/11/1918 @ 11:00 a.m. –Last deaths @ 10:59 a.m.

21. Wilson’s Fourteen Points 1.No secret treaties between nations 2.Freedom of the seas for all 3.Lower tariffs to encourage free trade 4.Reduce ‘arms’ race and stockpiles 5.Colonies should be allowed self-determination 6-13 Boundary changes 14.Creation of an international organization for diplomatic crisis – League of Nations THIS IS WHAT HE WANTED FOR THE PEACE TREATY!!!

22. Treaty of Versailles Britain and France wanted harsh conditions to insure Germany would not be a threat again Conditions: –Germany accepts blame for the War –Germany has to pay 132 billion in reparations –German military drastically reduced –Colonies become protectorates of Allies –Nine new nations created – Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Serbia,Poland,Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia, and Finland

23. Weaknesses of the Treaty 1.Humiliates Germany 2.Ignores Russia 3.Reassigns colonies – not self- determination or freedom U.S. Senate rejects Treaty and League of Nations

24. Consequences of the War Human – 10 million dead, 20 million injured Economic - $330 billion, destruction of European economy Physical destruction of property Political – End of German, Austrian, Russian, and Ottoman Empires Creation of weak states Establishment of communism Psychological – deepens and expands nationalism, expands pessimistic view of humanity

25. US Consequences of WWI 120,000 dead – 300,000 injured Accelerates America’s emergence as world’s greatest industrial leader Relocates American population to urban areas Increases anti-immigrant and anti-radical sentiments