1. The Victorian Era 1830-1901 Family Structure, Industrialization, and the Status of Women.

2. Queen Victoria  1837-1901  The population of England had almost doubled from 16.8 million in 1851 to 30.5 million in 1901population of England  The reign of Victoria was the longest in British history and will continue to be so, unless Elizabeth II remains on the throne until 2017

3. Landscape  Changing landscape rural  urban.  By 1850 half the country's former peasants were squashed into Britain's cities.  Growing industries  Railroad

4. Family Structure  Home was a symbol of prosperity and security  Churches did marriages, government did divorces (if any)  Child rearing is dependent on social class

5. Men  Divorce only allowed when spouse commits adultery  Men had legal right of wives  Men worked  Undisputed HOH  Men expected obedience and compliance from wives

6. Women  Kept the home in working order  Supervisor of servants and children  Reinforce family social status  Pregnant between 18-45  Cannot act without consent of husband  Gentle and sentimental  Could not vote, own land, etc.

7. Industrial Revolution  Jobs for women (coal miner, weaver, brick workers, cook)  Upper class women didn’t work and the paleness of the skin was a sign of beauty.  Human power  Machine power  Factories, pollution, population inc.  Crime, slums, bad working conditions.

8. Rich Children  Only children of the rich went to school.  Girls did not have same education as boys  Seen and not heard  Saw little of their parents  Raised by servants and in-house nannies.

9. Class Structure  Class determined by source of money rather than amount  Man’s status is dependent on occupation and family  Woman’s status is dependent on husband

10. Literature  Expansion of newspapers and periodical press  Debate over political and social issues  Debates affected literary representation  Writers gave a voice to those who were voiceless  Dickens, Tennyson, Brontë sisters, RomanticismBrontë sisters  Victorian Era a.k.a. Age of the Novel

11. Social Change  Challenges to religious faith  Scientific knowledge (Darwin)  Roles of women changing  Shift from land to trade  Migration of workers