1. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Exploring Biological Anthropology: The Essentials, 3 rd Edition CRAIG STANFORD JOHN S. ALLEN SUSAN C. ANTÓN

2. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Genetics: Cells and Molecules

3. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Genetics The Study of Genetics – Cellular and molecular genetics – Classical and Mendelian genetics – Population genetics – Phylogenetics – Behavioral genetics

4. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Cell The basic building block of life Single celled organisms Multicellular organisms Prokaryotes – No compartments for genetic material Eukaryotes – Separated genetic material

5. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Cell Anatomy (Eukaryotic) Nucleus – Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Gametes Cytoplasm Cell Membrane Mitochondria Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum

6. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. DNA Structure I: The Molecular Level – Double Helix – Nucleotide Sugar Phosphate Base – Purines » Adenine » Guanine – Pyrimidines » Cytosine » Thymine

7. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. DNA Function I: Replication Separate StrandsEnzymes Mutations Proofreading and Repair

8. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. DNA Function II: Protein Synthesis Proteins – Compose bone and muscle – Hormones – Enzymes – Cellular function Protein Synthesis – Amino acids – Dipeptides – Polypeptide chains

9. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. DNA Function II: Protein Synthesis (cont’d) Genetic Code – Nucleotides – Codons – Genes Redundancy Transcription and Translation – mRNA – tRNA – Introns – Exons

10. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. DNA Structure II: Chromosomes and Cell Division Chromatin State Chromosomes form – Centromere – Diploid somatic cells – Haploid sex cells Mitosis – Somatic cell division Meiosis – Sex cell division

11. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. DNA Structure II: Chromosomes and Cell Division (cont’d) Mitosis – Interphase – Prophase – Metaphase – Anaphase – Telophase Meiosis – Tetrad formation – Crossing over – Recombination – Reduction division – Second Meiotic Division

12. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chromosomal Abnormalities Nondisjunctive Errors: The failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during cell division – Monosomy Turner Syndrome – Trisomy Down’s Syndrome

13. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Molecular Tools for Bioanthropological Research Indirect Methods – Immunological Methods – DNA Hybridization Direct Methods – DNA Sequencing – Protein Sequencing

14. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Molecular Tools for Bioanthropological Research (cont’d) PCR Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Ancient DNA

15. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Molecular Tools for Bioanthropological Research (cont’d) Polymerase Chain Reaction – The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method for the amplification of minute quantities of DNA – PCR makes possible the recovery of ancient DNA from bone or fossil material, up to about 100,000 years old, provided that preservation conditions were adequate