1. Solutions & Solubility - solution: a homogeneous mixture - solvent: substance that has another substance dissolved in it - solute: substance that is dissolved - solubility: amount of solute that dissolves in a given quantity of solvent

2. Factors Affecting Solubility I. nature of the solute & solvent a) Covalent Compounds -polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents (e.g.- sugar in water), nonpolar solutes dissolve in nonpolar solvents (e.g.- iodine in kerosene) -small, polar molecules dissolve best in water (see Table 8.2 on p. 295) b) Ionic Compounds -ionic compounds usually dissolve in water, but those consisting of small ions and/or ions with large charges don’t (see Solubility Guidelines on p. 334)

3. II. temperature - when solids dissolve in liquids, solubility usually increases with temperature (e.g.- more sugar can dissolve in a cup of hot water than a cup of cold water)

4. - when gases (such as O2 or CO2) dissolve in water, the reverse is true thermal pollution carbonated beverages

5. III. pressure - solubility of a gas in a liquid increases with pressure (e.g.- carbonated beverages, the “bends”)