1. 2. Meeting: Classes, Layers, Milieus, lifestyles, lifeworld, Habitus
"Sociology of Everyday life. Lifestyles, образ жизни, Theoretical Approaches and Empirical Findings in Russia."
2. Meeting:
Classes, Layers, Milieus, lifestyles, lifeworld, Habitus

2. Key words for social structure analysis
Group (subgroups)
Caste
Stand  Status
Class
Layer
Milieu
Lifestyles
social life situations

3. Class Theory: Marx (1818 – 1883)
social conflict was the core of historical process (cf. Coser 1977:43)
class is a social group which members are characterized by a similar position in the economic system and a common social position (Klassenlage, class position), common interests and common consciousness (Klassenbewusstsein, class consciousness)
“...the social relations people enter into by participating in economic life…” create an economic category/social phenomenon known as social class
Classes were formed to control the means of property possession
This would in turn result in class conflicts

4. Social Class: Max Weber (1864 – 1920)
dimensions of social inequality: class positions are interpreted as market and power positions
difference between property class and worker class (property as central differentiation marker for chances, e.g. qualification)

5. Social Layers
an order of social positions and prestige, which is responsible for the hierarchical occupational structure
social inequality can be measured for individual distribution of issues (property, knowledge, relations, occupation, etc.)
a person is able to change ist vertical social mobility, in this sense, a person can change ist belonging to a social layer
due to the change of social layer‘s belonging also life styles are changing
indicators:
occupational positions (occupational prestige),
income
education
in families: issues of household‘s planning

6. Social Layer of a modern „Mittelstandsgesellschaft“ (middle class society) in the second half of the 20. century
upper class
middle class
uper middle class
centred middle class
lower middle class
lower class

7. Habitus and social class
For Bourdieu, class position is not based crudely on the possession or non-possession of the means of production as in Marxist materialistic conceptions of class
Bourdieu uses Weber’s approach that allows him to identify different types of social behaviour of social classes (layers)
Bourdieu argues that cultural forms (the habitus) are mainly determined by the socio-economic situation, by the distribution of economic and cultural capital
Bourdieu sees class as determined by largely economic factors, and as a set of practices, dispositions and feelings

8. The Concept of Habitus
is the link between the objective and the subjective components of class
Habitus refers to the everyday, the situations, actions, practices and choices which tend to go with a particular walk of life and an individual’s position in the social world (this includes, e.g. gender and race as well as class)
Habitus can be seen as including a set of dispositions, tendencies to do some things rather than others and to do them in particular ways rather than in other ways
Habitus does not determine our practices, but it does make it more likely that we will adopt certain practices rather than others

9. Social Milieu
introduced in sociology by Émile Durkheim who refers to a social environment, in which an individual is born-in, grows-up and lives
Emerged in early ‘80s from ongoing research into lifeworlds (SINUS)
people who are living under similar conditions and share common values, same opinions, and follow common styles of interaction (cf. Hradil 2006)
groups that are sharing common interests, similar value identification, common practices of life planning, similar relations to other persons, similar mentalities and political, social, clutural interest
objective social conditions d influence and limitate the way of thinking and interacting of this group, but they do not coin it, therefore, memebrs of the same occupational group can belong to different social milieus (cf. Hradil 1999)
2006)

10. Towards a theory of Social Milieus: The new cultural sociology in Germany
main argument: life-styles do not have to spring from the economic situation (Gerhard Schulze, Reinhard Kreckel, Hans-Peter Müller, Stefan Hradil)
milieus rely on internal communication from which a common life-style emerges (Schulze)
milieus are not clear-cut social entities, but they overlap and form a plural and interrelated social universe (Rössel)
Milieus can thus be conceived of as networks with increased internal connectivity
Based on this connectivity, they develop a specific life-style that in turn makes internal ties more likely than ties to other milieus
Friendships form more easily between people with similar values, or around the foci of activity (bars, sports clubs etc.) in such life-style milieus

11. Towards a theory of Social Milieus: The new cultural sociology in Germany
However, modern social structure is too plural and multi-faceted to be partitioned into milieus as clearcut entities
milieu concept is able to capture a tendential ordering of ties around common values and activities – but it does not lead to a neatly ordered topology of society
milieu is seen as the social environment of cultural patterns and people around us – it is not a bounded group.
The bases for such milieus can be manifold 
by age, gender, level of education, wealth, common activities, ethnic descent, race, locality, etc.

12. After Germany‘s reunification: introduction of new typologies for social milieu researches
middle class-humanistic Milieu
traditional working and peasant milieu
GDR-rooted Milieu
political left-intellectual alternative Milieu
Status- and career-oriented Milieu
upward-oriented Milieu
non-traditional working class milieu
Hedonistic Milieu
Modern working class milieu
modern middle-class-milieu
traditional middle-class Milieu

13. Core values of the SINUS milieus
Young/middle aged, independent professions, experimentation and dramatization life strategies, changing/plural values and cultures
Postmodern milieu
Pleasure orientation, living in the here and now, hunger for experience, style protest, MacJob mentality
Hedonistic milieu
Intellectual elite, post material values, self realisation, cultural interests, trend setting
Technocratic-liberal milieu
Modern mainstream, flexibility, high readiness for achievement, career orientation, display of status
Aspirational milieu
Young mainstream, professionalism in job, leisure orientation, realistic hedonism
New workers milieu
Under privileged, compensation for disadvantage, ostentational display of social belonging
Traditionless workers milieu
Simplicity, thrift, contentment, solidarity, conformity, sense of community
Traditional workers milieu
Traditional orientation, security, ready for self denial, duty, conventionalism, harmony
Petty bourgeois milieu
(Neo-)conservative values, the virtues of civic behaviour, sense of elite status
Higher conservative milieu

14. Social milieus in West Germany according to SINUS 1998
Social position 
VALUE CHANGE
Materialist basic orientation
‘Have’
Traditional basic orientation
‘Keep’
Postmodernism
Have, be, enjoy
Post-materialism
‘Being’
Hedonism/
pleasure
Lower level
Lower middle level
Middle middle level
Upper middle level
Upper level
Conservative-technocratic10%
Liberal-intellectual 10%
Modern bourgeois 9%
Postmodern 7%
Petty bourgeois 8%
Aspiring
20%
Modern workers 8%
Hedonistic 13%
Traditional workers 4%
Traditionless workers 11%
Value orientation 

15. Social milieus in West Germany according to SINUS 1998
Social position 
VALUE CHANGE
Materialist basic orientation
‘Have’
Traditional basic orientation
‘Keep’
Postmodernism
Have, be, enjoy
Post-materialism
‘Being’
Hedonism/
pleasure
Lower level
Lower middle level
Middle middle level
Upper middle level
Upper level
Value orientation 

16. Sinus Milieus - France
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17. Sinus Milieus - Italy
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18. Sinus Milieus - USA
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19. Sinus-Milieus Germany
Quelle (Abb.):