2. 1.National Labor Union Founded in 1866 by (iron worker) Linked existing local unions. Wouldn’t admit workers. Persuaded Congress to legalize 8-hour workday for government workers (1868) members at its peak. William Sylvis African American 640,000 2. Colored National Labor Union Led by Founded for black workers Emphasized cooperation between management & labor, as well as political reform Disbanded in 1870s—members then join Isaac Myers Knights of Labor

3. 3. Noble Order of Knights of Labor Founded in by Uriah Stephens Officially open to all workers regardless of race, gender, degree of skill Supported 8-hour workdays & “equal pay for equal work” for men & women Sought first, used strikes only as last resort 700,000 members at its peak (1886) Excluded workers 1869 arbitration Chinese & Japanese 4. American Federation of Labor Founded by in 1886 Open only to skilled workers (craft unionism) Focused on, but also used strikes Sam Gompers collective bargaining

4. 5. American Railway Union Led by Open to all laborers in the railroad industry 150,000 members at its peak Eugene Debs 6. Industrial Workers of the World (“Wobblies”) Organized in 1905 and led by William “Big Bill” Haywood Open to miners, lumberers, cannery workers, and dock workers (unskilled workers) Turned to to achieve better conditions for workers Gave dignity and sense of unity to unskilled workers communism

5. Definition: Growth of cities, shift from rural to urban

6. 1. Econ problems for farmers 2. Immigration

7.  Migration (Rural  Cities)  Ethnic Islands (Little Italy, Chinatown, etc)  Urban problems

9. PROBLEMSOLUTION 1. Housing- tenement housing (multi-family, row house) Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives Be a little careful, please! The hall is dark and you might stumble over the children pitching pennies back there. Not that it would hurt them; kicks and cuffs are their daily diet. They have little else. Here where the hall turns and dives into utter darkness is a step, and another, another. A flight of stairs. You can feel your way, if you cannot see it. Close? Yes! What would you have? All the fresh air that ever enters these stairs comes from the hall-door that is forever slamming… But the saloon, whose open door you passed in the hall, is always there. The smell of it has followed you up. Here is a door. Listen! That short hacking cough, that tiny, helpless wail-- what do they mean? …Oh! a sadly familiar story--before the day is at an end. The child is dying with measles. With half a chance it might have lived; but it had none. That dark bedroom killed it.  Air shafts

10. PROBLEMSOLUTION 2. Transport  Mass Transit (subways & street cars)

11. PROBLEMSOLUTION 3. Water 4. Sanitation 3. Filters (chlorination) 4. Sewer lines and garbage collection

12. PROBLEMSOLUTION 5. Crime 6. Fire 5. Salaried police 6. Paid fire department, use of brick

14. PROBLEMSOLUTION 8. Poverty  Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth  Social Gospel Movement  Settlement Houses (Jane Addams & Chicago’s Hull House)