1. Jessica Walker INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL WELFARE

2.  Welfare is an individuals state as regards to its attempts to cope with its environment (Broom 1986).  ‘The state of complete mental and physical health where the animal in is harmony with it’s environment’ (Hughes 1976) WHAT IS ANIMAL WELFARE

3.  Body repair systems.  Immunological defences.  Emergency physiological responses.  Variety of behavioural responses. ATTEMPTS TO COPE RELATE TO:

4.  3 Concepts  Physical health  Mental health (including how it feels)  Capability to act naturally WHAT IS ANIMAL WELFARE?

5. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE THREE CONCEPTS

6. THE ANIMAL WELFARE ACT 1999

7.  Freedom from Hunger and Thirst  Freedom from Discomfort  Freedom from Pain  Freedom to express Normal Behaviour  Freedom from Fear and Distress THE FIVE FREEDOMS

8. ANIMAL WELFARE 5 FREEDOMS IN THE WILD… Hunger and thirst Scarce food / water Thermal and physical discomfort Poor weather Injury and disease No veterinary treatment Normal behaviour Killing of prey Fear and distress Predators

9.  Welfare science considers effects of humans on the animal from the animal’s point of view  Welfare ethics considers human actions towards animals  Welfare legislation considers how humans must treat animals ANIMAL SCIENCE VS ANIMAL ETHICS VS ANIMAL LAW

10. WHAT IS THE WELFARE OF THE FOLLOWING CATS?  A pet cat that has an infected wound - owners noticed a problem two weeks ago but failed to take the cat for veterinary treatment.  A pet cat that has an infected wound - the cat had been missing for two weeks but when it returned the owners took it for veterinary treatment.

11.  Both cats have the same welfare status - Welfare science shows no difference.  Different human care - Owners have different moral behaviour - Ethics not science WELFARE OF ANIMALS VERSUS HUMAN CARE

12.  “Welfare defines the state of an animal as regards its attempts to cope with its environment.” (Fraser & Broom, 1990). HOW CAN WE ASSESS ANIMAL WELFARE SCIENTIFICALLY?

13. WELFARE CONTINUUM:  Overall summary of welfare status Good Poor

14. ANIMAL WELFARE CRITERIA: PoorGood

15. Hunger / Thirst Pain / Distress Injury / Disease Shelter Normal behaviour Overall WELFARE STATUS = FIVE FREEDOMS Poor Good

16.  Variety of normal behaviours are shown.  Extent to which strongly preferred behaviours can be shown.  Physiological indicators of pleasure.  Behavioural indicators of pleasure. MEASURES OF GOOD WELFARE

17.  Decreased life expectancy.  Decreased ability to grow or breed.  Body damage.  Disease.  Immunosuppression.  Physiological attempts to cope.  Behavioural attempts to cope.  Self narcotisation.  Extent of behavioural aversion shown.  Extent of suppression of normal behaviour  Extent to which normal physiological processes and anatomical development are prevented. MEASURES OF POOR WELFARE

18.  Attempt to solve this problem by designing environmental enrichment that can…  Reproduce good features of natural environment  Eliminate negative features of natural environment  BUT… a very difficult balance to achieve  Short term vs. long term welfare  Legal considerations / restrictions  Public perceptions (e.g. feeding live prey) ENRICHMENT AND ANIMAL WELFARE

19.  Food hiding increases foraging in Asian Elephants  Less stereotypic pacing in polar bears with increased foraging opportunities  Laying Scent trails reduces apathy/immobility in captive reptiles  Provision of suspended swings, barrels and platforms encourages play in chimpanzees  Training sessions associated with reduced performance of stereotypic behaviour in sea lions RESEARCH

20. PART TWO: ASSESSING WELFARE USING BEHAVIOUR.

21.  Freedom from Hunger and Thirst  Freedom from Discomfort  Freedom from Pain  Freedom to express Normal Behaviour  Freedom from Fear and Distress THE FIVE FREEDOMS

22.  Alertness  Curiosity  Range of activities  Interaction with other members of the herd/flock  Interaction with humans / Aversion to humans  Play BEHAVIOURAL INDICATORS - THE ‘NORMAL’ ANIMAL:

23. THE “NORMAL” ANIMAL - ALERTNESS

24. THE “NORMAL” ANIMAL - CURIOUS

25. THE “NORMAL” ANIMAL - RANGE OF ACTIVITIES

26. THE “NORMAL” ANIMAL - INTERACTION WITH OTHER MEMBERS OF THE GROUP

27. THE “NORMAL” ANIMAL - INTERACTION WITH HUMANS

28. THE “NORMAL” ANIMAL - PLAY

29. 1.Limited range of activity 2.Panting and/or sweating 3.Huddling or shivering 4.Depression 5.Abnormal fear or aggression towards humans 6.Stereotypies and other behavioural abnormalities BEHAVIOURAL INDICATORS OF POOR WELFARE:

30. RESTRICTION OF “NORMAL”  Sow Stall

31.  The animals behaviour can tell us about their welfare.  If the animals behaviour indicates poor welfare we need to investigate causes and possible solutions. SUMMARY

32.  World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA): http://www.wspa- international.org/wspaswork/education/concepts-animal- welfare-modules.aspx REFERENCES/ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

33. QUESTIONS?