1. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.1 Chapter Four The Fragile Union: The Resurgence of Regionalism

2. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.2 For years, the Canadian, Ontario, and Manitoba governments fought over the boundary line between Ontario and Manitoba. This map of Canada in 1882 shows the contested area. Source: Based on information taken from National Topographic System map sheet number MCR 2306. © 1969, Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada with permission of Energy, Mines and Resources Canada.

3. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.3 Gabriel Dumont, military leader of the Métis in 1885, and previously, in the “buffalo days,” their leader in the hunt in the South Saskatchewan River Valley. Glenbow Archives, Calgary, Canada/NA-1177-1.

4. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.4 The University of Toronto’s “K” Company, Queen’s Own Rifles, shown immediately after their return from the Northwest, by the doorway of University College. A grateful University honoured its undergraduate soldiers by exempting them from their annual examination, and automatically giving them their academic year. University of Toronto Archives/A73-0093-002(39).

5. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.5 Military operations in the North-West Rebellion, 1885. This map shows the routes of the three military columns: to Batoche, under Major General Middleton; to Battleford, under Lieutenant Colonel Otter; and to the Ft. Pitt area, under Major General Strange.

6. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.6 Big Bear (front row, second from the left) and Poundmaker (front row, far right), shown at their trials, 1885. Father André (back row, second from the right) spent the night before Riel’s execution in prayer with him. He walked with him to the scaffold. Glenbow Archives, Calgary, Canada/NA-3205-11.

7. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.7 Louis Riel’s address to the jury during his trial at Regina, late July 1885. Glenbow Archives, Calgary, Canada/NA-1081-3.

8. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.8 Honoré Jaxon, sitting by his Library, which is about to be transported to the New York City dump, December 12, 1951 New York Daily News.

9. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.9 Immediately after Riel’s execution on November 16, 1885, French Canadians rose in protest against the federal government. In Montreal, demonstrators burned Sir John Macdonald in effigy at the base of the statue of Queen Victoria in Victoria Square. From Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, November 28, 1885. Saskatchewan Archives Board/R-D1776.

10. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.10 A photo of the first inter- provincial conference, called by Honoré Mercier in 1887, to challenge the authority of the federal government. The Quebec premier appears seated second from the left. Ontario’s Oliver Mowat, the “Father of Provincial Rights,” is seated in the centre. W.S. Fielding, who tried during his premiership to take NovaScotia out of Confederation, is beside Mowat on the right. National Archives of Canada/C-11583.

11. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.11 Main Street and City Hall Square in Winnipeg, about 1897. View looking southward toward Portage and Main. The Winnipeg monument to the Canadians who fought in 1885 appears on the extreme left. Provincial Archives of Manitoba/Simons Marguerite 5 (N10911).

12. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.12 Interior of a school near Vulcan, Alberta, at the turn of the century. Teachers insisted that children from non– English-speaking countries speak English in the classroom. Legally, even French-Canadian students were obliged to do so in Alberta after their first two years of elementary school as a result of ordinances passed by the territorial government in the early1890s. Glenbow Archives, Calgary, Canada/NA-748-41.