1. Canadian French-English Relations

2. World War One – 1914 -1918 At the outset of World War One – tremendous disagreement between English and French Canada on what role Canada should play in conflict French Canadians did not think we should get involved in a European / British war Most English-Canadians still felt strong loyalty to Britain and wanted to lend support

3. 1917 – Conscription Crisis of WWI When PM Borden introduced Military Service act of 1917 – introduced conscription Divided Canada along language lines English Canada supportive of conscription, French Canada opposed

4. World War Two 1939 - 1945 Many women in both English & French Canada gained employment in munitions factories, etc. 1942 – Conscription Crisis again  Not as severe as 1917, but there were still protests and tensions

5. Consequences of Conscription To this day people in Quebec do not vote for the conservative Party. They vote Liberal, NDP or Bloc Quebecois Ex: 2011 Election Conservative Majority Govt Quebec Votes: NDP- 59 Cons- 5 Liberal- 7 Bloc- 4

6. 1930s - Roots of Quebec Nationalism Premier of Québec from 1936- 1939, and again from 1944- 1959 Strong Québec nationalist who was devoted to the idea of Québec as a distinctive society – a “nation” rather than just another Canadian province Introduced flag for Québec bearing the French symbol, the fleur-de-lis – to emphasize province’s difference from English-speaking Canada Fiercely opposed growing powers of federal government in post-war years 1. Maurice Duplessis Union Nationale Union Nationale

7. Duplessis – The Dark Era? HOWEVER- While tried to keep out the influence of foreign culture, he encouraged foreign investment Businesses and industries from Ontario and USA were attracted by what Québec had to offer: guaranteed cheap labour, since union activity was either discouraged or banned, and low taxes In return for favourable business conditions, companies were expected to contribute generously to the Union Nationale – “kickbacks” / gifts Bribery and corruption trademarks of Duplessis regime

8. Roman Catholic Church Under Duplessis, the Roman Catholic Church was the main defender of Québec culture Church praised the old Québec traditions of farm, faith, and family It ran Québec’s hospitals and schools Religion played a role in every part of the curriculum, and the schools taught children to accept authority Those few who attended high school and university received a fine education, but with an emphasis on traditional subjects and languages and philosophy Result – Québec produced many priests, lawyers, and politicians, but few scientists, engineers, or business people

9. Quiet Revolution – 1960s 1960 – Duplessis died – Jean Lesage and the Liberals came to power in Québec under the slogan, “Time for a Change” Lesage – stamped out corruption  gov. jobs and contracts were now awarded according to merit  wages and pensions were raised  restrictions on trade unionism removed

10. Quiet Revolution - Modernization government began a peaceful but dramatic movement to modernize the province’s economy, politics, education, and culture took control of social services and the education system as new attitudes took hold, the influence of the church declined wave of change – known as the Quiet Revolution wave of change – known as the Quiet Revolution

11. Quiet Revolution - “Maîtres Chez Nous” after 1962 election – Liberals campaigned, and won, with the motto, “maîtres chez nous” – “ masters in our own house” aim – to strengthen Québec’s control of its own economy among other steps – gov. nationalized (bought out) several hydro companies and turned them into a large, provincially-owned power monopoly – Hydro- Québec

12. Counterpoints Textbook Use your notes and pages 191-194 to answer: Questions 1-3 on page 194

13. Class #2

14. Separatism Perceived Injustices:  federal government overwhelmingly English;  French rarely held Cabinet posts;  No French schools in the rest of Canada;  Francophones expected to speak English in stores and at work For some the only solution was for Quebec to be entirely controlled by Quebeckers = separation from Canada :(

16. Separatism - The FLQ FLQ (front de liberation du Québec) fought for “Québec libre” – a “free” Québec They used firebombs and explosives to attack symbols of English- Canadian power in Québec (terrorism) Most notably – March 7, 1963 – 3 Canadian army buildings in Montreal were bombed with Molotov cocktails

17. Separatism - Lévesque and the PQ 1967 – influential Québec cabinet minister René Lévesque left the Liberal Party and formed the Parti Québécois (PQ) Lévesque believed that Québec and Canada would do better to “divorce peacefully” than to continue a marriage that seemed “no longer workable”

18. Ottawa’s Response - Royal Commission Lester Pearson – became PM in midst of Quiet Revolution convinced that Canada would face a grave crisis unless the French were made to feel more at home in Canada appointed the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism Main recommendation: that Canada should become officially bilingual

19. Trudeau I (PET) and Québec 1968 – Trudeau succeeded Pearson as PM determined that the federal gov. should do more to persuade people from Québec that their future lay with Canada 1969 –Official Languages Act – making Canada an officially bilingual country from this point on: all federal government agencies across Canada were required to provide services in both languages Canada becomes Officially Bilingual in 1969

20. Official Languages Act 1969 Met with mixed results – some embraced the idea – i.e. French Immersion classes; others felt French being forced on them Westerners still felt ignored Francophones not impressed – wanted “special status” for Québec in Confederation Trudeau would not grant them this

21. Political Cartoons Counterpoints textbook #1 page 195 #2 Page 198

24. Ottawa’s Response – New Canadian Flag -1965 1964 – Pearson acted on long- standing complaint in Québec that Canada’s symbols were too British – suggested a new Canadian flag Maple Leaf chosen as symbol for new flag because it seemed to represent all Canadians instead – increased tensions in Canada many English Canadians opposed the new flag because they felt Pearson was pandering to Québec  heated debate – split the country now accepted by English- Canadians – Quebeckers tend to favour fleur-de-lis

25. Does the Government’s Response Reconcile the Quebec Nationalists? NO!

26. October Crisis - 1970 On October 5, 1970 members of the FLQ kidnapped James Cross, a British diplomat, from this Montreal home In exchange for Cross’s safe release – FLQ demanded the release of prisoners. Federal and Québec authorities refuse. FLQ then also kidnapped Québec Labour Minister Pierre Laporte Alarmed that the situation was out of control – Trudeau asked Parliament to impose the War Measures Act  civil rights suspended;  anyone could be arrested and detained without being charged with an offense;  membership in FLQ became a crime; James Cross Pierre Laporte

27. October Crisis When asked how far he would go to defeat the FLQ Trudeau said, “Just watch me.” Hundreds of pro- separatist Quebeckers were arrested and held without charge October 17th – police found the body of Pierre Laporte in the trunk of a car – he had been strangled Two months later – Montreal tracked the group holding Cross in a Montreal house Police negotiated Cross’ safe release. Was the War Measures Act Necessary? Overkill? Dec 3, 1970 - October Crisis Over Dec 3, 1970 - October Crisis Over Trudeau – Just Watch Me – (5:50) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XfUq9b1XTa0

28. Assignment (Due Nov 5 th ) On a blank piece of paper create the “Perfect” flag - a flag that satisfies both French and English Canadians and represents what it means to be Canadian. Include a 4-5 Sentence write up explaining why your selection is the “Perfect” flag for Canada. You may work independently or in partners

29. Class #3 Western Alienation Project

30. PQ in Power - 1976 1976 – René Lévesque and Parti Québécois win the provincial election. The PQ promise a referendum on separatism Quebec’s Divide: New Laws make French the language of government (and power) This alienates English people in Quebec Why is this ironic?

31. 1980 Referendum “YES” – to give his gov. a mandate to negotiate a new agreement with Canada based on sovereignty-association  proposed that Québec become politically independent, yet maintain a close economic association with Canada Trudeau – made impassioned speeches urging the people of Quebec to remain part of a strong, united, and forward- looking Canada Trudeau promised to negotiate a new Constitution should the “No” side win RESULT – 40% voted “YES” 60% voted “NO”

34. “Patriating” the Constitution (Trudeau’s Can of Worms) Trudeau’s intention: BNA Act had been Canada’s constitution since 1867 – but fell under British jurisdiction – no changes could be made without the British Parliament’s approval Trudeau wanted to patriate the Constitution (bring it home to Canada), where Canadian gov. would have the authority to make changes; also wanted to include a Charter of Rights and Freedoms – but needed approval of provinces also wanted to include a Charter of Rights and Freedoms – but needed approval of provinces

35. Negotiations with Provinces It was very difficult to get all provinces, with their differing opinions and interests, to agree Federal Justice Minister, Jean Chrétien created what became known as the “Kitchen Compromise” 9/10 premiers awakened in their hotel rooms to approve the deal – because Lévesque was staying at a different hotel he does not sign!

36. Negotiations with Provinces Finally, they agree on something!! Amending formula reached – changes to the Constitution would be made only with the agreement of 7/10 provincial legislatures representing 50% of Canada’s population

37. Constitution Act - 1982 On April 17, 1982 – the new Constitution Act was signed into law by Queen Elizabeth II and PM Trudeau outside the Parliament Buildings in Ottawa Quebec never signs!!! But Canada now a completely independent nation As the rest of the country celebrated – flags flew at half mast in Québec; Lévesque led angry demonstration in Québec City Unreconciled Provinces - Trudeau http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LIwqlft4 DdY&feature=related.&fmt=18 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LIwqlft4 DdY&feature=related.&fmt=18

38. Constitution Debate - Mulroney 1984 - Mulroney beomes PM Conservative Party in power Mulroney wants to negotiate with Quebec to get them back on board. He is willing to compromise more than Trudeau Why>? PM Mulroney Examples: Newfoundland (fisheries) and Alberta (oil) – wanted more control of their own resources & wanted reforms to Senate that would allow their provinces to have a stronger voice in Ottawa

39. Western Alienation Came to a head again over a contract to repair air force jets – multibillion $ contract Awarded to the Bombardier company of Montreal, even though Bristol Aerospace of Winnipeg had made a better proposal  felt gov. wanted to “buy” Conservative votes in Quebec  RESPONSE – Reform Party formed in 1987 to be the voice of western Canada Preston Manning

40. Meech Lake Accord - 1987 1987 – PM Mulroney called the premiers to a conference at Meech Lake  New Constitution  offered to recognize Quebec as a “distinct society”  proposed giving more power to the other provinces – ie. All would have power to veto Constitutional change Special Status for PQ – Trudeau http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLkJbcW33r E&NR=1.&fmt=18 Equality or Independence? Trudeau http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TeSZyHiex5k&f eature=related.&fmt=18

41. Meech Lake Accord - 1987 Response:  Quebec supported Accord  many critics – especially Trudeau – said that the designation of Quebec as a distinct society would create “two solitudes” in Canada – it would isolate the Francophones of Quebec  other people worried that the clause could be used for Quebec to override the Charter and deprive specific groups of their rights

42. Meech Lake Accord - 1987 Aboriginal peoples pointed out that they too had a distinct society that needed to be recognized and protected many thought Canadian citizens had not been given the opportunity for input Manitoba and Newfoundland – withheld their support – therefore, Meech Lake Accord disintegrated in June, 1990 Quebeckers – saw rejection as a “humiliation” – by late 1990, support for separation rose to 64% Elijah Harper – MLA in Manitoba Legislature – withheld support for Meech Lake due to lack of provisions for Aboriginals

43. Meech Lake Accord - 1987 Lucien Bouchard – powerful Quebec member of Mulroney’s Cabinet 1991 - resigned in protest and formed the Bloc Québécois – political party that would run in federal elections to support the aim of Quebec separation

44. The Charlottetown Accord Eventually – Mulroney & the premiers came up with another package of proposed Constitutional amendments – the Charlottetown Accord

45. Charlottetown Accord 1. Proposed Senate Reform – making it elected with equal representation from all parts of the country (West wanted this) 2.answered Quebec’s concerns 3.supported Aboriginal self- government  put to a national referendum in October, 1992  54.5% of voters rejected it  problem: so many clauses, each designed to please a different group – easy to find fault  greatest opposition – BC – 68.3% voted “NO”

46. Growing Feelings of Separatism 1993 – Bloc Quebecois became the Official Opposition in Canadian federal government

47. 1995 Referendum second referendum to ask voters in Quebec whether Quebec should secede from Canada and become an independent state. 1995 referendum differed from the 1980 referendum on Quebec's sovereignty in that the 1980 question proposed to negotiate "sovereignty- association" with the Canadian government the 1995 question proposed "sovereignty", along with an optional partnership offer to the rest of Canada.

48. 1995 Referendum The referendum took place in Quebec on October 30, 1995, and the motion to decide whether Quebec should secede from Canada was defeated by an extremely small margin: 50.58% "No" 49.42% "Yes"

49. First Nations in Quebec In preparation for a "Yes" victory, aboriginal peoples in Quebec strongly affirmed their own right to self determination. First Nations Chiefs articulated that forcing them to join an independent Quebec would violate international law. In the final week of the referendum campaign, they would insist on being full participants in any new constitutional negotiations resulting from the referendum. voted overwhelmingly against Quebec independence on the eve of the referendum.

50. 1998 Supreme Court Decision Supreme Court Rules that Quebec did not have the right to separate unilaterally (to decide by itself) from Canada Quebec would have to negotiate with the federal government, the 9 other provinces, and the Aboriginal peoples living in Quebec Also – any referendums had to have a “clear majority” that voted “yes” to a “clear question”

51. Summary: Referendums (1980, 1995) NO! Constitutional Debates – Confusing Mess Meech Lake Accord – End of Mulrooney Western Alienation – BC’s Rights? First Nations Right to Self- Determination

53. Poetry Break!!! – Select one of the following types of poems and write a meaningful depiction of French-English relations in 20 th Century Canada. Haiku: 3 lines, 17 syllables Line 1 – 5 Syllables Line 2 – 7 Syllables Line - 5 Syllables Limerick: 5 lines. Farfetched and unusual content Rhyme scheme: Lines 1,2,5 rhyme and lines 3,4 rhyme. Free Verse: No meter or rhyme scheme. Open to creativity. Riddle: Describes something without actually naming it.