1. Middle East Southwest Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean Please title page 45 in your ISN “Middle East: Physical Geography”

2. Warm up Using just the top of page 45, number your paper 1-20 (divide into 3 columns to take up less space. Identify each statement according to the religion(s) it applies to. – I= Islam – C= Christianity – J= Judaism Some statements may apply to more than one of the religions.

3. Learning Targets I can identify the landforms and rivers that can be found in the Persian Gulf region and the Eastern Mediterranean. I can explain how the physical geography of the region affects its climates and people. I can identify natural resources of the region.

4. Persian Gulf and interior Southwest Asia Includes Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, UAE, and Yemen Arabian peninsula between Persian Gulf and Red Sea. Iraq and Iran have coasts on Persian Gulf Afghanistan LANDLOCKED

5. Persian Gulf and interior Southwest Asia Shaped by tectonic forces (African, Eurasian, and Arabian plates) – Mountains, upland plateaus, valleys, narrow gulfs. – Frequent Earthquakes Arabian Peninsula: Mountains in west, dry plains in N. and E. Mesopotamia = “between rivers,” Tigris and Euphrates are exotic rivers

6. Persian Gulf and interior Southwest Asia Mostly Arid and Semiarid climates Resources: OIL and WATER People live near oases (places where there is water near springs or fossil water). Persian Gulf region produces more oil than anywhere else on earth.

7. The Eastern Mediterranean Includes Cyprus, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan Dardanelles, Bosporus, and Sea of Marmara separate Europe from Asia Turkey: plains and hills in Europe and Mountains on Asian part (Anatolia) The rest of Eastern Med. Is mostly coastal plains, plateaus, hills, and valleys

8. The Eastern Mediterranean Climates: – Arid, Semi-arid, and Mediterranean – Farming, herding, and shipbuilding have largely stripped the region of its forests. Resources: – WATER: Tigris and Euphrates begin in Turkey, Jordan River shared by Lebanon, Jordan, and Israel – Mineral resources: coal, copper, iron ore, potash, and magnesium

9. Middle East Southwest Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean Please title page 48 & 49 in your ISN “Middle East: History”

10. Warm Up On the top third of page 48 write 4-6 sentences in response to the following prompt: – The Middle East is located near the center of three continents: Europe, Africa, and Asia. How might the relative location of the Middle East have affected its history?

11. A (very) Brief History of the Middle East

12. Middle East: Ancient History Mesopotamia: “the cradle of civilization;” means “between rivers” – Early Civilizations: Sumer – First users of intensive agriculture with irrigation – Division of labor – First deciphered writing: cuneiform – Epic of Gilgamesh-oral (later written) – Use wheel

13. Cuneiform

14. Middle East- Ancient History Babylon: – Hammurabi’s code (one of the earliest known sets of written laws) – Later, enslave Jews (Babylonian captivity; diaspora) Israel: – Hebrews,jews Persian: – Modern Iran – Xerxes (300)

15. The Silk Road

16. All major trade routes go through the Middle East Whoever controls the region charges fees on everything that travels through. Huge amounts of wealth flow into the Middle East through trade. Most valuable items include: – Silk – Spices

17. The Roman Empire (1 AD)

18. Romans rule the modern Middle East Middle East was by far the richest part of the Roman Empire More than 2/3 of the population of the Roman Empire lived in the East

19. The Rise of Islam (634 AD)

20. Arabs conquer the Middle East from the Roman Empire. Islam replaces Christianity as the dominant religion.

21. The Arab Empire (634-1258)

22. Arab Muslims build a huge empire by controlling Mideast trade Christians from Europe now must pay Muslim traders to buy goods from Asia. Europe is a poor continent – Middle East is the center of learning and civilization.

23. Crusades (1095-1291) Pope calls on Christians to take Jerusalem. Armies from all over Europe join the fight. Control goes back and forth several times, but ultimately the Europeans lose control. Resurgence of trade in Europe; helps fuel beginning of Renaissance How might the crusades have affected the way Muslims view Christians today?

25. Rise of the Ottomans (1258- 1500 CE)

26. The Ottoman Empire Grows (1258-1500 AD) Ottoman Turks conquer the Middle East Tensions rise between Muslim Ottomans and Christians in Europe Christians don’t want to pay fees on goods brought in from Asia

27. Portugal’s Bright Idea (1500 AD)

28. New Trade Routes (1500 AD) Portuguese are first to map a new trade route around the horn of Africa. British, French, Dutch, Germans all build empires around trade routes. European merchants don’t have to pay Ottoman fees if they go around the Middle East

29. European Empires Expand

35. European Empires Expand (1500-1900 CE) Major trade routes no longer run through the Middle East Middle East becomes very poor as European Empires control world trade routes Ottoman Empire shrinks and is bankrupt by 1900 CE The Middle East is a poor region that no one cares much about. But then…

36. Oil is Discovered Vast majority of the world’s oil reserves are found in the Middle East Discovery of Oil brings new money into the region Some Mideast countries become rich overnight, others are still very poor.

37. And then Came Oil (1900-present)

38. Answer the following prompt on a separate sheet of paper. Explain ways in which the geography of the Middle East has affected its history and the rest of the world as we know it today.

39. Modern History Israel: – Late 1800s, Jews from all over the world begin returning to Israel (Zionist organization founded) – 1917-1948- British take over from Ottomans and receive mandate of League of Nations to oversee Palestine. – 1948- Palestine divided by UN in to Palestinian and Jewish states; Israel declares independence; Arabs invade; Jews win

40. – 1956 Sinai Campaign- Israel Gains control of Sinai peninsula from Egypt (will later give it back) – 1967 Six Day War- Israel takes control of West Bank, Golan Heights, and Gaza (will later give some of this land back to Palestinian and Syrian control)