1. Chapter 7 ATMOSPHERE AND CLIMATE

2. The Atmosphere Is a thin layer of gases that surrounds the earth Extends thousands of km above the surface The reason there is life on Earth – we are protected from most of the sun’s radiation Allows some light to reach the surface, supplying energy and allowing photosynthesis (O 2 and CO 2 ) 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1%= water vapor, argon, carbon dioxide, neon, helium, and other gases

3. HOW PHOTOSYNTHESIS CHANGED THE ATMOSPHERE The early atmosphere contained little oxygen. Bacteria appeared about 4 bya and evolved the ability to perform photosynthesis 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + sun energy → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 When organisms break down food molecules during cellular respiration, CO 2 is released into the air. C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 → CO 2 + H 2 O + Energy

4. The 4 Layers

5. Troposphere – 75–80% of the earth’s air mass – Closest to the earth's surface – 0-11 km above sea level – Chemical composition of air Nitrogen 78% Oxygen 21% H 2 0, CO 2, trace amounts of others (Ar) – Weather, climate and all life forms exist here – As altitude increases, temperature decreases

6. Stratosphere 11-50 km (6-30 miles) above Earth's surface – Similar composition to the troposphere, with 2 exceptions Much less water (1/1000) O 3, ozone layer As altitude increases, temperature increases Air motion is horizontal Airplanes fly here

7. Mesosphere 50-80 km (30-50 miles) 50-80 km (30-50 miles) Middle atmosphere – Air thin, pressure low, Middle atmosphere – Air thin, pressure low, Need oxygen to live in this region. Air quite cold -90°C (-130°F) near the top of mesosphere Need oxygen to live in this region. Air quite cold -90°C (-130°F) near the top of mesosphereThermosphere  80-500 km (50-310 miles)  Very few atoms and molecules in this region.  Intense UV – breaks O 2 and N 2 bonds  International Space Station is here

8. Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse effect – the trapping of infrared radiation from the sun by gases in earth’s atmosphere which warms the planet Raises earth’s temp to an average of 59 ⁰F. Without the greenhouse effect, the average temp would be 0⁰F.

9. Global Warming Global warming – increase in Earth’s average surface temp. caused by an increase in greenhouse gases “runaway greenhouse effect” Earth’s average temperature has risen 1 ° F in last 100 years. Earth’s average temperature has risen 1 ° F in last 100 years. Some argue natural fluctuation; however, corresponds w/ rising greenhouse gases Evidence: 14 record hottest years post-1980, glaciers retreating Some estimate by 2050 2 –4 ° C change.

10. GREENHOUSE GASES CARBON DIOXIDE METHANE NITROUS OXIDE CFCs WATER VAPOR

11. Greenhouse Gases CO 2 – most abundant greenhouse gas (GHG) Sources: burning fossil fuels, deforestation Ice cores have shown that CO 2 increasing in atmosphere – 35% higher than pre-Industrial Rev. Natural cycling of CO 2 levels Natural cycling of CO 2 levels Seasonal shift in CO 2 production; high fall; low spring Seasonal shift in CO 2 production; high fall; low spring Ocean acts as “sink,” absorbing large amounts. Vegetation acts as a sink (until it dies or is cut down) 1 kg burned fossil fuels = 3 kg CO 2 1 kg burned fossil fuels = 3 kg CO 2

12. Vostok Ice Core Deepest drilling of ice took place. The ice removed was nearly a half a million years old. Graph = CO 2 levels going back to over 400,000 years before present. The (kyr BP) means kilo=1,000 years Before Present. CO 2 rises and falls about every 100,000 years. At present we are at a high point again.

13. CO 2 - Did you know… Burning 1 gallon of gasoline produces 9 kg of carbon dioxide? Using one kWh of electricity from a coal-fired generating plant produces 1 kg of carbon dioxide? Burning 100 cubic feet of natural gas produces 5.5 kg of carbon dioxide? 1 kg= 2.2 pounds So 1 gallon produces almost 20 pounds of CO 2

14. The Jones Family Complete the worksheet to see how the Jones family contributes to greenhouse gas emissions.

16. Charles Keeling – 1958 Mauna Loa, Hawaii Measured the amount of CO 2 in the air 314 parts per million (ppm) in March, 1958 In late summer, the levels had fallen. CO 2 levels rose in the winter. Why? – Growing plants use more CO2 for photosynthesis than they do in the winter! Levels have increased from 280 ppm in 1750 to 367 ppm today

17. CO 2 Emissions Countries: – Largest emitters: China (6534 million metric tons): US (5833): Russia (1729): India (1495): Japan (1214) Per Capita: – Australia - 20.8 tons (437, country) – US- 19.8 tons – China – 4.91 – India: 1.31

18. Other Greenhouse Gases Methane (CH 4 ) – 21 times more warming effect than CO 2 and increasing at 8 times the rate. Methane production is faster than broken down Main sources are wetlands, rice fields, fossil fuels, livestock Remains in the air about 12 years

19. Greenhouse Gases Nitrous oxides – slow to breakdown (120 yrs) – Sources are fossil fuels, fertilizers, deforestation CFCs– slow breakdown; absorb 10,000 X more infrared than CO 2 (100 + years) – Sources are foams, aerosols, refrigerants, solvents Water vapor – Warmed by CO 2, the atmosphere is thus able to absorb more water vapor. And that water vapor, in turn, causes further warming—it amplifies the effects of carbon dioxide.

20. Global average temperatures - surface temperatures collected from land and ocean-based stations. Compiled by the Climatic Research Unit of the University of East Anglia and the Hadley Centre of the UK Meteorological Office.Climatic Research UnitUniversity of East AngliaHadley CentreUK Meteorological Office

21. Predicted Results Of Global Warming Weather patterns will change - more hurricanes, typhoons, flooding and droughts Agriculture – weather patterns will move farther north, shifting farmland Sea Levels - polar regions warm, icebergs melt, sea levels rise. Warming water also expands. Coastal areas may flood http://news.discovery.com/videos/global-warming-videos/ (Walrus, tiger, Alaska)

22. Melting of Alaska’s Muir Glacier between 1948 and 2004

23. Predicted Results Of Global Warming Human health will be affected – Heat index, more ground level ozone, more infectious diseases. – Diseases that normally occur near equator will move northward. Diseases spread by mosquitoes and other insects due to warmer/wetter climates. – Malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever and encephalitis

24. Predicted Results Of Global Warming Plant and animal species may migrate to maintain their preferred habitats Not all plants can adapt- cannot disperse their seeds adequately Certain birds/fishes may migrate Not all can adapt- ponds will dry up, land-locked fish cannot seek colder rivers Those that cannot adapt/migrate may experience regional extinction Blue winged teal

25. Albedo & Global Warming (albedo= ability of a surface to reflect light) Rising global temperatures cause greater evaporation of water vapor into the atmosphere Water vapor is a powerful greenhouse gas, so an increase in water vapor might produce more warming. OR More water vapor might cause more clouds to form, increasing Earth's overall albedo, & reflecting incoming sunlight back into space. This would provide a net cooling effect. Might possibly induce a period of "global cooling"

26. Projected Effects of Global Warming and the Resulting Changes in Global Climate

27. Global Cooling Global cooling: natural Planetary albedo – low, thick clouds reflect sunlight, prevent warming Volcanoes – dust reflect radiation Sulfate aerosols – from pollutants, create haze, reflecting sunlight

28. Kyoto Protocol The Kyoto Protocol is the first international agreement (UN) to fight global warming. It set targets for nations to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. – 5% decrease against 1990 levels over the five- year period 2008-2012. It was signed by 141 nations, including all European and all other developed industrial nations except the US and Australia. – Went into effect on February 16, 2005, and expires in 2012. Pres. Clinton supported Pres. Bush did not sign

29. Cap and Trade System The goal: To steadily reduce carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions economy-wide in a cost-effective manner. The cap: Each large-scale emitter, or company, will have a limit on the amount of greenhouse gas that it can emit. The trade: It will be cheaper or easier for some companies to reduce their emissions below their required limit than others. These more efficient companies, who emit less than their allowance, can sell their extra permits to companies that are not able to make reductions as easily.

30. Output solutions – Massive global tree planting; how many? Wangari Maathai Great Wall of Trees: China and Africa – Plant fast- growing perennials on degraded land – Capturing and storing CO 2

31. Fifteen Ways to Cut CO 2 Emissions

32. We Can Prepare for the Harmful Effects of Climate Change Reduce greenhouse gas emissions as much as possible Move people from low-lying coastal areas Limit coastal building Remove hazardous material storage tanks away from the coast Genetically engineer crops more tolerant to drought Stockpile 1–5 years of key foods Waste less water Connect wildlife reserves with corridors

33. REVIEW 1. Name the 5 greenhouse gases. 2. What is the main greenhouse gas? 3. Why is the greenhouse effect good for our planet? Why is it harmful? 4. Name 3 sources of CO 2 and CH 4. 5. Name 2 sinks for CO 2. 6. List 5 effects of global warming. 7. List 5 things you can do to reduce global warming. 8. How can we prepare for global warming? 9. Name the treaty that dealt with reducing greenhouse gas emissions. 10. Name 3 sources of global cooling.

34. O 3 O 3 Located in the stratosphere Located in the stratosphere Absorbs most of the UV light from the sun Absorbs most of the UV light from the sun – UV light can cause genetic damage to living organisms- can cause skin cancer, faster aging, and cataracts, can kill one-celled organisms (phytoplankton) that live in the surface of the ocean, and interfere with photosynthesis, resulting in lower crop yields The ozone in the stratosphere acts as a sunscreen for Earth and its inhabitants. The ozone in the stratosphere acts as a sunscreen for Earth and its inhabitants. THE OZONE LAYER

35. OZONE EATERS CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons) – used in refrigerants, air conditioners, styrofoam and propellants because they are chemically stable- they do not break down into other substances or combine with other substances. They are unreactive, odorless, nonflammable, nontoxic, noncorrosive and inexpensive to make. BUT, they do break apart in the stratosphere.

36. CFCs CFCs that are released in the troposphere can take 10-20 years to float into the stratosphere. One single chlorine atom can destroy 10,000 + ozone molecules and remain in the stratosphere 65-385 years!

37. The Ozone Hole Depletion of the ozone layer allows more UV light to reach the Earth’s surface

38. STOPPING THE OZONE EATERS 75-85% of the ozone loss was from CFCs and other ozone depleting chemicals The Montreal Protocol – 1987 The Copenhagen Protocol - 1992 – Nations agreed to reduce their production of CFCs – US pledged to ban all substances that posed a danger to the ozone layer by 2000 – Developed countries agreed to set up a fund to help developing countries switch to CFC substitutes CFCs remain active for more than 30 years, so it will take decades for the layer to recover. CFCs remain active for more than 30 years, so it will take decades for the layer to recover. THE NUMBER 1 SOURCE OF CFCs IS LEAKING AIR CONDITIONERS!

39. CFCs A greenhouse gas AND an ozone-depleting chemical.

40. video clip www.teachersdomain.org/asset/ttv10_vid_oz one/s from Teacher’s Domain http://http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/ phy03_vid_greenhouse2/http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/ phy03_vid_greenhouse2/ http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/ttv10_ vid_aerosols/

41. REVIEW 1. In what layer of the earth’s atmosphere is the ozone layer? 2. Why is the ozone layer beneficial? 3. What is the main chemical that affects the ozone layer? 4. Why was this chemical used in so many products? 5. Name the treaty that was signed to decrease ozone depleting chemicals. 6. What is the main source of CFC emissions?

42. You fill your tank with 13 gallons of gas. How much CO 2 will be produced by burning this amount of CO 2 ? 13 gallons X 20 poundsCO 2 = 260 pounds 1 gallon How much CO 2 is produced if you use 150 kWh of electricity in a month? 150 kWh x 2 pounds = 300 pounds CO 2 1 kWh

43. The average amount of CO 2 per capita produced in America is 19.8 tons, which is 39, 600 pounds!