1. TYPES OF ENGLISH CIVIL LAW Unit 29

2. Preview  Contract: definition  Requirements for a valid English contract  Forms of contract  Void and voidable contracts  Breach of contract  Torts: definition  Types of tort  Legal terms  Exercise

3. English Civil Law  Law of Contract  Law of Tort

4. Definition of Contract  “A legally binding agreement made between two or more persons, by which rights are acquired by one or more acts or forbearances on the part of the other or others”  Agreement arises as a result of offer and acceptance

5. Forebearance  A deliberate failure to exercise a legal right (e.g. to sue for debt)

6. Requirements for a valid contract  1. Offer, acceptance, consideration  2. Intention to create legal relations  3. Contractual capacity  4. Formal legal requirements

7. Offer  An indication of willingness to do or refrain from doing something that is capable of being converted by acceptance into a legally binding contract

8. Offer  It is made by an offeror to an offeree and is capable of acceptance only by an offeree who knows of its existence

9. Acceptance  Agreement to the terms of an offer that converts the offer into a legally binding contract  Acceptance must involve some action on the part of the offeree

10. Consideration  The price, in money, goods, or some other reward, paid by one person in exchange for another person promising to do something, which is an essential element in the formation of a contract

11. Consideration  Kompenzacija, poravnanje, protuizvršenje; kod ugovora potrebno je preuzimanje obveze, ali i razmjena vrijednosti

12. Contractual capacity  Competence to enter into a legally binding agreement  Persons lacking this capacity:  minors, the mentally disordered, etc.

13. Forms of contract  oral,  written,  partly oral and partly written, or  implied from conduct

14. Void contract  A contract that has no legal force from the moment of its making  Lack of capacity to contract, mistake, illegal contracts

15. Voidable contract  Liable to be set aside by one of the parties on such grounds as misrepresentation or undue influence

16. Breach of contract  Failure by a party to perform his obligations under that contract

17. Areas  Shipping contracts,  hire purchase,  sale of goods, etc.

18. Definition of Tort  Wrongs committed by one citizen against another, serious enough to merit the award of compensation to the injured person, but not serious enough to amount to the breaking of the criminal law

19. Tort  Civil liability  Less serious wrongs which are not punished by the state

20. Tort  A wrongful act or omission for which damages can be obtained in a civil court by the person wronged, other than a wrong that is only a breach of contract

21. Tort  Compensation in the form of damages is awarded to the injured party, after the offender (tort-feasor) has been sued by the person he has injured

22. Definition of tort  Sir John Salmond: “A tort is a civil wrong for which the remedy is a common law action for unliquidated damages, and which is not exclusively the breach of a contract or a breach of a trust or other merely equitable obligation.”

23. Damages  A sum of money awarded by a court as compensation for a tort or a breach of contract  The claimant is entitled to full compensation for his losses

24. Types of damages  Liquidated d. : a sum fixed in advance by the parties to a contract as the amount to be paid in the event of breach  Unliquidated d: the amount fixed by the court

25. Trust  A arrangement in which a settlor transfers property to one or more trustees, who will hold it for the benefit of one or more persons (beneficiaries)  Settlor =one who settles property; ostavitelj, fiducijar

26. Breach of trust  Any improper act or omission by a trustee or other person in a fiduciary position contrary to the duties imposed upon them by the terms of the trust

27. Law of tort  Concerned with providing compensation for personal injury and property damage caused by negligence  Protects other interests, such as reputation, personal freedom, title to property, enjoyment of property, commercial interests

28. Law of tort: types  Negligence  Nuisance  Trespass  Defamation (libel and slander)

29. Negligence  1. Carelessness amounting to the culpable breach of a duty; failure to do sth that a reasonable person would do  2. A tort consisting of the breach of the duty of care resulting in damage to the claimant

30. Nuisance  Something that causes harm or inconvenience to someone or to property

31. Public nuisance  a wide variety of minor crimes that threaten the health, morals, safety, comfort, convenience, or welfare of a community.  Violators may be punished by a criminal sentence, a fine, or both.

32. Public nuisance  A defendant may also be required to remove a nuisance or to pay the costs of removal, e.g. a manufacturer who has polluted a stream might be fined and might also be ordered to pay the cost of cleanup..

33. Public nuisance  Public nuisances may interfere with public health, e.g. keeping of diseased animals or a malarial pond.  Public safety nuisances:shooting fireworks in the streets, storing explosives, practicing medicine without a license, or harboring a vicious dog.

34. Public nuisance  Houses of prostitution, illegal liquor establishments, gaming houses, and unlicensed prizefights are examples of nuisances that interfere with public morals.  Obstructing a highway or creating a condition to make travel unsafe or highly disagreeable are examples of nuisances threatening the public convenience

35. Public nuisance  A public nuisance interferes with the public as a class, not merely one person or a group of citizens. No civil remedy exists for a private citizen harmed by a public nuisance, even if his or her harm was greater than the harm suffered by others; a criminal prosecution is the exclusive remedy

36. Private nuisance  A private nuisance is an interference with a person's enjoyment and use of his land  Examples:Nuisances that interfere with the physical condition of the land: vibration or blasting that damages a house; destruction of crops; the pollution of soil, a stream, or an underground water supply.

37. Private nuisance  Examples of nuisances interfering with the comfort, convenience, or health of an occupant are foul odors, noxious gases, smoke, dust, loud noises, excessive light, or high temperatures.  A nuisance may also disturb an occupant's mental tranquility, such as a neighbor who keeps a vicious dog, even though an injury is only threatened and has not actually occurred.

38. Tresspass  The tort of interfering with the land or goods of another person

39. Tresspass  1. tresspass to goods (harming or interfering with goods which belong to someone else)  2. tresspass to land  3. tresspass to person (assault, false imprisonment)

40. Trepass  Trespass is sometimes confused with nuisance, but the two are distinct.  A trespass action protects against an invasion of one's right to exclusive possession of land.  If a landowner drops a tree across her neighbor's boundary line she has committed a trespass; if her dog barks all night keeping the neighbor awake, she may be liable for nuisance.

41. Defamation  The act of injuring someone’s reputation by maliciously saying or writing things against him or her that are not true  1. Libel (written d.)  2. Slander (spoken d.)

42. Law of contract/law of tort  Some torts: also breaches of contract (e.g. negligent driving by a taxi-driver that causes injury to his passenger- both tort of negligence and breach of contract to carry the passenger safely to his destination)

43. Law of tort/criminal law  Many torts are also crimes: e.g. assault, dangerous driving

44. Assault  An intentional or reckless act that causes someone to be put in fear of immediate physical harm

45. Assault  Actual physical contact is not necessary to constitute an assault (e.g. pointing a gun at someone may constitute an assault)

46. Other areas of civil law  Family law  Revenue law  Patents and copyrights  Trade unions  Administrative law

47. Legal terms  Law of contract  Ugovorno pravo  Tort  Šteta, štetna radnja, građanski delikt  Law of Torts  Građansko deliktno pravo

48. Legal terms  Forebearance  Nečinjenje (u građanskom pravu)  Hire purchase  Kupnja na kredit

49. Legal terms  Civil liability  Građanskopravna odgovornost  Tort-feasor  Počinitelj štete; počinitelj delikta (u građanskom postupku)  Sue  Sudski goniti, pokrenuti postupak

50. Legal terms  Unliquidated damages  Neugovorena odšteta  Liquidated damages  Ugovorena odšteta (zbog neizvršenja ugovora

51. Legal terms  Trust  Prijenos imovine na povjerenika; fiducijarni odnos, povjereno upravljanje u korist drugog; skrbništvo

52. Legal terms  Negligence  Nehaj, nemar, nepažnja  Nuisance  Smetnja, ometanje, uznemirivanje  Tresspass  Ometanje posjeda, povreda prava privatnosti, bespravno stupanje na tuđi posjed

53. Legal terms  Defamation  Kleveta, uvreda  Libel  Pisana kleveta  Slander  Usmena kleveta

54. Legal terms  Family law  Obiteljsko pravo  Revenue law  zakon o prihodima

55. Exercise: What is a contract?  Complete the text using the following: agreement, breach, capacity, consideration, damages, fraud, illegal, obligation, oral, performance, property, signed, terms

56. What is a contract? agreement, breach, capacity, consideration, damages, fraud, illegal, obligation, oral, performance, property, signed, terms  It is an agreement that creates a binding ____ upon the parties. The essentials of a contract are as follows: mutual ____; a legal ____which in most instances need not be financial; parties who have legal ____to make a contract; absence of ____or duress; and a subject matter that is not ____or against public policy.

57. What form does a contract take? agreement, breach, capacity, consideration, damages, fraud, illegal, obligation, oral, performance, property, signed, terms  In general, contracts may be either ___or written. Certain types of contracts, however, in order to be enforceable, must be written and ____. These include contracts involving the sale and transfer of _____.

58. How does a contract end? agreement, breach, capacity, consideration, damages, fraud, illegal, obligation, oral, performance, property, signed, terms  In case of a ____of contract, the injured party may go to court to sue for financial compensation (or ____), or for rescission, for injunction, or for specific performance if financial compensation would not compensate for the breach. Specific____of a contract is the right by one contracting party to have the other contracting party perform the contract according to the precise___ agreed

59. Key:  It is an agreement that creates a binding obligation upon the parties. The essentials of a contract are as follows: mutual agreement; a legal consideration which in most instances need not be financial; parties who have legal capacity to make a contract; absence of fraud or duress; and a subject matter that is not illegal or against public policy.

60. Key  In general, contracts may be either oral or written. Certain types of contracts, however, in order to be enforceable, must be written and signed. These include contracts involving the sale and transfer of property.

61. Key  In case of a breach of contract, the injured party may go to court to sue for financial compensation (or damages), or for rescission, for injunction, or for specific performance of financial compensation would not compensate for the breach. Specific performance of a contract is the right by one contracting party to have the other contracting party perform the contract according to the precise terms agreed