1. Government: Set of policies, roles, and responsibilities established to direct and control the uses of technology, direction of state, and actions of citizens Set of policies, roles, and responsibilities established to direct and control the uses of technology, direction of state, and actions of citizens

3. Why do we have government? To ensure the natural rights of the people are protected (life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness)

5. Purposes of Government: Maintain order by preserving life and protecting property Provide public goods and services such as highways and schools Promote equality through health, welfare and social equality policies

7. Form of government in which all eligible citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives “Government of the people, by the people, and for the people” Government by the people or their elected officials Democracy:

8. Democratic Republic: United States Representative Democracy/Government Citizens elect representatives to make laws and policies Why? Originally Size of population and land area Difficulty in communication Educational level of citizens Economic prohibitions

9. United States Constitution Written constitution Founding fathers (Charles Pinckney) Preamble, Seven Articles, and 27 Amendments Created through compromises: The Great Compromise, 3/5ths Compromise, and Commerce Compromise

10. Basic Principles Separation of Powers: 3 Branches Legislative: law making, Congress Legislative: law making, Congress Executive: law enforcing, President, Vice- President, and Cabinet Executive: law enforcing, President, Vice- President, and Cabinet Judicial: US Supreme Court & Lower Federal Courts; interprets & applies laws & determines constitutionality of laws through court cases Judicial: US Supreme Court & Lower Federal Courts; interprets & applies laws & determines constitutionality of laws through court cases Popular Sovereignty: states that the source of governmental power lies with the people

11. Basic Principles Continued: Limited Government - US government must follow its own laws using powers given to it by the people Separation of Powers - 3 branches each with specific powers Checks and Balances - system of checks that ensure that no branch becomes too powerful Judicial Review -Supreme Court decides constitutionality of laws Federalism- creates 2 levels of government state and federal

13. Changes in Voting Rights in SC White, male property owners 21 years old White males 21 years old Males 21 years old ( not Native Americans) Males who paid poll tax, passed literacy test, & grandfather voted in 1860 Women Native Americans African Americans without paying poll tax & passing literacy test 18 year olds

14. Economics: the study of how limited resources are distributed in society through the concepts of supply and demand Supply is the amount of a good available Demand is how much of the good is purchased the price of a good establishes the amount of supply available and the amount of a product demanded

16. Trade-Offs: Decisions require trade-offs because of limits on time, money and resources to obtain a good or service, you must give up something in return (You may give up money to purchase food, or you may give up your time and work in exchange for a salary) to obtain a good or service, you must give up something in return (You may give up money to purchase food, or you may give up your time and work in exchange for a salary) These choices are made every day and are the foundation of economics Trade-offs occur at the individual, business and government levels. The increase & decrease of prices is the foundation for a market-based system.

17. 8-1.6: Compare the development of representative government in SC to the other colonial regions, including the under the proprietary regime, the period of royal government, and South Carolina’s Regulator Movement.

18. South Carolina’s Government: First Plan of Government: Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina Became more democratic during colonial period SC began as proprietary colony Lords Proprietors had control over land and political control of land granted to them by king Proprietors attracted settlers by beginning to share some political control with property owners The largest plantation owners the Carolina political elite amassed great wealth & political power Other colonies developed a political elite based on economic status too.

19. Carolina Government: Legislative Assembly: made laws including tax laws made laws including tax laws bicameral (2 house) assembly (most colonies) bicameral (2 house) assembly (most colonies) Proprietors & elite had greater representation in government than common man Proprietors & elite had greater representation in government than common man Grand Council decided majority of each group in colonies –reps of Proprietors, colonial elite, and common people- should have equal voice in gov’t. Problem with this: the representation would not be proportional to their numbers in the population Later separate Commons House of Assembly established to represent the common people Representation greater for Lowcountry than backcountry

20. Changes in Control of Colonies: By end of 1600’s most joint stock company colonies had become royal colonies and could not name governors Royal colonies: king appoints governors to help control wealth or limit the independence of colony South Carolina colonists asked to become a royal colony, why? 1. Tension between Proprietors & colonists 2. Colonists felt neglected by proprietors who collected rent, but offered little protection 3. Proprietors thought colonists were disobedient & were making little profit 4. Council protested to king about neglect & asked to become royal colony 5. King & proprietors made a financial deal, Carolina became a royal colony 6. Carolina split into South & North Carolina due to differences between wealthy SC & backwoods NC

21. South Carolina as a Royal Colony Royal Government: 1. representative assembly allowed Carolina some self-government 2. governor appointed by king (power limited) 3. assembly controlled taxes that paid governor 4. most often colonies left alone by king & Parliament to control local governments Economic Advantages of being royal colony: Increased subsidies for naval stores & indigo Increased subsidies for naval stores & indigo Direct rice sale by merchants to foreign countries Direct rice sale by merchants to foreign countries Expanded markets to sell goods Expanded markets to sell goods

22. Expansion of Colony Under Royal Colony Township Plan Established by royal governor to encourage migration to the Carolina backcountry Established by royal governor to encourage migration to the Carolina backcountry Established townships in backcountry Established townships in backcountry Settlers established subsistence farms there Settlers established subsistence farms there Township Plan encouraged animosity between the Lowcountry & backcountry First backcountry settlers: white traders & woodsmen viewed by Lowcountry as “uncivilized” Lowcountry: first area settled, along Atlantic coast, Charles Town Home of plantation owners rich from export of rice & indigo Home of plantation owners rich from export of rice & indigo

23. Reasons for animosity/tension between backcountry & Lowcountry Lowcountry: First area settled Along Atlantic Coast Plantation owners Barbadians (rice & indigo) Wealthy, prosperous Considered aristocratic Small white population Larger slave population Majority representation in Assembly Backcountry: Settled later Inland Subsistence farmers, traders & woodsmen Poor Considered “uncivilized” Larger white population Few slaves, anti-slavery Less representation in Assembly

24. Backcountry: Coastal settlers moved inland Immigrants traveled along backcountry valleys from Pennsylvania (Scotch Irish & German) White population grew & outnumbered Lowcountry’s Backcountry continued to have much less representation in Assembly Paid taxes, but got little from colonial government No law enforcement so settlers became vigilantes

25. Regulator Movement: No law enforcement Settlers took law/regulation of society into own hands No Courts so Regulators operated as vigilantes Movement turned lawless Guilty hanged or beaten to death without jury trial (violated rights as Englishmen) (violated rights as Englishmen) SC government eventually came to aid of backcountry settlers Circuit Court Act of 1769: set up 7 circuit courthouses around colony to provide justice, law & order in the region Circuit Court Act of 1769: set up 7 circuit courthouses around colony to provide justice, law & order in the region Representation in Assembly was still disproportional & tensions continued between backcountry & Lowcountry