1. © David Last 38th ILA Convention and Technical Symposium October 13-15, 2009 Portland, Maine USA Crime, GNSS Jamming & Enhanced Loran Professor David Last Consultant Engineer & Expert Witness

2. © David Last TomTom Car Navigator GPS receiver + Computer Picture: www.tomtom.com

3. © David Last Plot of addresses extracted from TomTom car navigator

4. © David Last Multiple timed and dated tracks

5. © David Last Vehicle tracking system

6. © David Last Vehicle tracking system Checks to establish quality of evidence

7. © David Last How accurate is it, then? Scatter plot: http://www.gral-gju.org/examples.php 95% of GPS position measurements will lie within 5 metres of the true position provided … GPS receiver operating OK Installation OK Has acquired satellites Aerial can see sky No blockages No reflections No interference

8. © David Last GPS Jammer

9. © David Last Picture: http://www.globalgadgetuk.com/yo50G.htm

10. © David Last Picture: Professor Durk van Willigen GPS satellite radiates 100W From 20,000km range Illuminates 38% of Earth eg Europe + Africa + Atlantic

11. © David Last GPS Jammer - Spectrum

12. © David Last GPS & Mobile Phone Jammer

13. © David Last GSM 900MHz DCS 1800MHz 3G 2150MHz GPS 1575MHz

14. © David Last 2 Watt GPS & Mobile Phone Jammer Pictures: http://www.gpsjammers.net/gmw08.html, http://www.gla-rrnav.org/pdfs/GPS_Jamming_and_the_impact_on_maritime_navigation.pdf

15. © David Last GPS Jammer – GPS band Picture: http://galileo.khem.gov.hu/documents/angol/technikai_dokumentumok/status_of_galileo_frequency_and_signal_design.pdf

16. © David Last GPS Jammer – GPS & Galileo bands Picture: http://galileo.khem.gov.hu/documents/angol/technikai_dokumentumok/status_of_galileo_frequency_and_signal_design.pdf

17. © David Last GPS Jammer – GPS, Galileo & GLONASS bands

18. © David Last GPS jammer for both L1 and L2 L1 L2

19. © David Last Options to mitigate jamming and spoofing Picture: http://www.tayx.co.uk Datatrak Tracker Dead-reckoning Enhanced Loran

20. © David Last Pictures: Mitchell Narins, Federal Aviation Administration; Reelektronika bv Enhanced Loran (eLoran) On earth, high-powered Different from GPS! Digital 10m accuracy, precise time

21. © David Last So … where are we headed? GPS evidence vital in vehicle crime Forensic use of GPS growing rapidly GNSS-based systems now under attack Enhanced Loran is The Answer!