1. © David Last The Need for R esilient PNT at Sea Professor David Last Strategic Advisor, General Lighthouse Authorities of the United Kingdom and Ireland Picture: earthobservatory.nasa. gov//ewsroom/BlueMarble/ Resilient PNT Demonstrations 25 February – 1 March 2013 Harwich

2. Dover Strait – 28 days traffic records

3. © David Last Satellite and Control System Failures Official announcement: "A significant GPS anomaly occurred on 1 Jan 04, beginning at approximately 1833Z... (which) … affected precise timing and navigation users over large portions of Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and … North America … and resulted in the transmission of Hazardously Misleading Information." Sources: Vogel, Macabiau & Suard, Effect of a GPS Anomaly on Different GNSS Receivers, ION GNSS 2005, Long Beach, CA, Sep 13-16, 2005, Hoppe & Walterfang, Investigation of a GPS Satellite Problem with respect to DGPS and GPS users, European Journal of Navigation, May 2004, www.lr.tudelft.nl/live/pagina.jsp?id=400f4487-ed8c-4274-95cb-ebc2afa7385e&lang=en SVN23 clock failure

4. © David Last Solar flares

5. © David Last Picture: www.flickr.com/photos/l23productions/1451697290/

6. A small jammer on this cliff-top disrupted GPS on vessels out to ranges as wide as the Dover Strait

7. © David Last Low-powered GPS jammer on ship Jammer of less than 1 milliWatt: False positions, and velocities Autopilot may turn vessel But no alarms! With a little more jammer power: Electronic Chart Displays Autopilot Automatic Identification System Differential GPS Satellite voice and data comms Maritime distress safety system plus … Ships Radar & Gyrocompass

9. © David Last xx Pictures: www.jammer-store.com/gj5-gps-l1-l2-l5-jammer-blocker.html Jammers like this on our streets can block all frequencies of GPS, GLONASS, Compass-Beidou and Galileo, plus the QZSS, GAGAN, WAAS and EGNOS augmentation systems.

10. Frequency bands shared by multiple GNSSS transmissions Jammers spectrum affects GPS, Galileo, Compass and GLONASS

11. © David Last Picture: STAVOG Final Report, courtesy Spirent plc

13. © David Last Picture: General Lighthouse Authorities of the UK & Ireland

14. Picture based on: http://www.amcsearch.com.au

15. © David Last The Need for R esilient PNT at Sea Professor David Last Strategic Advisor, General Lighthouse Authorities of the United Kingdom and Ireland Picture: earthobservatory.nasa. gov//ewsroom/BlueMarble/ Resilient PNT Demonstrations 25 February – 1 March 2013 Harwich