1. . 6-1 Chapter 6 Research Design: An Overview

2. 6-2 Learning Objectives The major descriptors of research design The major types of research designs The relationships that exist between variables in causal designs and the steps for evaluating those relationships

3. 6-3 Research Design Blueprint Plan Guide Framework

4. 6-4 Exhibit 6-1 Design in the Research Process

5. 6-5 The Degree of Structure Exploratory Study Loose structure Expand understanding Provide insight Develop hypotheses Formal Study Precise procedures Begins with hypotheses Answers research questions

6. 6-6 The Topical Scope Statistical Study Breadth Population inferences Quantitative Generalizable findings Case Study Depth Detail Qualitative Multiple sources of information

7. 6-7 Descriptive Studies When? How much? What? Who? Where?

8. 6-8 Causal Studies Experiment Study involving the manipulation or control of one or more variables to determine the effect on another variable Ex Post Facto study After-the-fact report on what happened to the measured variable

9. 6-9 Methods of Data Collection MonitoringCommunication

10. 6-10 The Time Dimension Cross-sectional Longitudinal

11. 6-11 The Research Environment Field conditions Lab conditions Simulations

12. 6-12 Participants’ Perceptions No deviation perceived Deviations perceived as unrelated Deviations perceived as researcher-induced

13. 6-13 Approaches for Exploratory Investigations Interviewing Participant observation Film, photographs Projective techniques Psychological testing Case studies Street ethnography Elite or expert interviewing Document analysis Proxemics and Kinesics

14. 6-14 Common Exploratory Techniques for Research Secondary Data Analysis Focus Groups Experience Surveys

15. 6-15 Experience Surveys What is being done? What has been tried in the past with or without success? How have things changed? Who is involved in the decisions? What problem areas can be seen? Whom can we count on to assist or participate in the research?

16. 6-16 Focus Groups Group discussion 6-10 participants Moderator-led 90 minutes-2 hours

17. 6-17 Descriptive Studies Descriptions of population characteristics Descriptions of population characteristics Estimates of frequency of characteristics Estimates of frequency of characteristics Discovery of associations among variables Discovery of associations among variables

18. 6-18 Causal Studies Asymmetrical Reciprocal Symmetrical

19. 6-19 Exhibit 8-3 Asymmetrical Casual Relationships Stimulus-Response Disposition-Behavior Property- Behavior Property- Disposition

20. 6-20 Covariation between A and B Covariation between A and B Evidence of Causality Time order of events No other possible causes of B No other possible causes of B

21. 6-21 Causation and Experimental Design Random Assignment Control/ Matching

22. 6-22 Ex Post Facto Design Substitute BRM Exhibit 6-8 Club MemberNonclub Member AgeHigh AbsenteeLow AbsenteeHigh AbsenteeLow Absentee Under 30 years3663048 30 to 454435117 45 and over005115

23. 6-23 Do nothing by halves. Source: Cooper R. D. & Schindler, S. P. (2006). Business Research Methods 9e. McGraw.Hill