1. E-Commerce Infrastructures
Internet and Web Technologies

2. Learning Objectives (1/2)
Growth, and structure of the Internet
Private and public networks
Internet infrastructure
Developing applications for the Web
Limitations of Web technologies and how to address them

3. Learning Objectives (2/2)
Internets, intranets, and extranets
Options for connecting to the Internet
Future developments: High speed networks, the Semantic Web, mobile networking

4. Technology Overview Technical foundations of e-commerce:
Computer networks including the Internet.
Computing devices (clients and servers) running
operating systems, database managers, web servers, application servers, encryption software, security software, multimedia creation and viewing software, and the graphical user interface

5. The Internet
Hardware
The hardware that connects the computers together
The hardware that connects the networks together
Internet protocols.
Rapid change in these technologies requires businesses to be flexible.

6. Packet-Switching The Internet uses packet switching
Files are broken down into packets that are labeled with their origin, sequence, and destination addresses.
This fact has very important consequences for both the performance and the security of e-commerce systems

7. Routing
The programs on these routers use ‘routing algorithms’ that call upon their ‘routing tables’ to determine the best path to send each packet.
When packets leave a network to travel on the Internet, they are translated into a standard format by the router.
These routers and the telecommunication lines connecting them are referred to as ‘the Internet backbone’.
Between seller and customer there are several other actors who have a role to play

8. Routing Packets

9. Internet Protocols
The open architecture has four key rules that have contributed to the success of the Internet.
Independent networks should not require any internal changes to be connected to the network.
Packets that do not arrive at their destinations must be retransmitted from their source network.
Router computers act as receive-and-forward devices; they do not retain information about the packets that they handle.
No global control exists over the network.

10. Another look at Domain Names
Domain names identify who you are (or else establishes your corporate identity)
.com .biz means you are a business
.org means “not for profit”
.uk means you are in the UK
CNN.com displays your trade name
Trademark law applies (Domain name wars)
This has implications for e-commerce with regard to customer assumptions about you
It costs!

11. Web Page Delivery
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the set of rules for delivering Web pages over the Internet
HTTP uses the client/server model
The client opens an HTTP session and sends a request to a server
The server returns an HTTP response message which contains data.
After this, they forget about each other – this has very significant implications for Web (and e-commerce) application development.

12. Email Email is also transferred over the Internet.
also depends on intermediate systems to move from one place to the other
is send to a specific address (is this the same as knowing it gets to a particular individual?)
= Identity (is this true?)
is related to corporate entities (via the name system NOT DNS)

13. Web Markup Languages
Web pages are marked with tags to indicate the display and formatting of page elements
They create static pages
Useful for developing Uis
HTML, XML and the like

14. Web Markup Languages

15. Programming Languages
Scripts embedded in HTML can execute programs on client computers that display those pages in the browser
Scripts at the server can do complex processing and produce advanced content
Language frameworks like J2EE and .NET can be used to develop full blown interactive applications (more on this next time)

16. Persistence Cookies Hidden HTML forms URL re-writing
Data stored at the browser
Programmatically controlled by the server
Hidden HTML forms
URL re-writing

17. Intranets and Extranets
An intranet is an interconnected network (or internet – small “i” intended) that does not extend beyond the organization that created it
Intranets are an extremely popular and low-cost way to distribute corporate information
An intranet uses Web browsers and Internet-based protocols (including TCP/IP, FTP, Telnet, HTML, and HTTP) and often includes a firewall

18. Intranets and Extranets
Extranets are intranets that have been extended to include specific entities outside the boundaries of the organization (business partners, suppliers, etc.)
An extranet can be a public network, a secure (private) network, or a virtual private network (VPN).

19. Intranets and Extranets
A public network is any computer or telecommunications network that is available to the public
A private network is a private, leased-line connection between two companies that physically connects their intranets to one another
A VPN extranet is a network that uses public networks and their protocols to send sensitive data to partners, customers, suppliers, and employees using a system called ‘IP tunneling’ or ‘encapsulation’

20. Internet Connection Options
The Internet is a set of interconnected networks
Large firms that provide Internet access to other businesses are called Internet Access Providers (IAPs) or Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

21. Connectivity Overview
The most common connection options that ISPs offer to the Internet are telephone, broadband, leased-line, and wireless
Bandwidth is the amount of data that can travel through a communication line per unit of time
Bandwidth can differ for data traveling to or from the ISP

22. Voice Connections
The most common way to connect to an ISP is through a modem connected to your local telephone service provider
POTS uses existing telephone lines and an analog modem to provide a bandwidth of Kbps
ISDN uses the DSL protocol suite to offer bandwidths between Kbps
Suitable for consumer (implications for design of e-commerce sites)

23. Broadband Connections
Connections that operate at speeds of greater than 200 Kbps are called broadband services
ADSL uses the DSL protocol to provide bandwidths between Kbps upstream and Mbps downstream
Cable modems provide transmission speeds between 300 Kbps-1 Mbps from the client to the server and a downstream rate as high as 10 Mbps
Satellite microwave transmissions handle Internet downloads at speeds around 500 Kbps
Suitable for SMEs

24. Leased-Line Connections
Large firms can connect to an ISP using higher-bandwidth connections that they can lease from telecommunications carriers
A T1 (E1) line operates at Mbps and a T3 (E3) line operates at Mbps
Expensive – usually can be afforded only by larger business

25. Internet Options

26. Wireless Connections
Many researchers and business managers see great potential for wireless networks and the devices connected to them
The term m-commerce (mobile commerce) is used to describe the kinds of resources people might want to access using devices that have wireless connections
Cellular vs. WLAN

27. Internet2
Internet2 is an experimental test bed for new networking technologies that is separate from the original Internet
200 universities and a number of corporations joined together to create this network
It has achieved bandwidths of 10 Gbps
Internet2 promises to be the proving ground for new technologies and applications of those technologies that will eventually find their way to the Internet

28. Grid computing Computing as utility Grid as in the “electric grid”
Computation, storage, processes
Scientific applications currently
Look at planet-lab.org