1. Tropical countries have a vast frontier to develop Logging concessions are often bought by foreign owned multinational corporations Economic benefits are not seen by local residents most affected Sarawak has lost millions of acres of TRF to oil Palm production Indigenous people have lost their homes, pesticides contaminate water supplies

2. Loss of TRF on the island of Borneo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w-1DQwaauwE

3. Forestry U.S. National Forest service est. 1905 (Pinchot) Goal: protect watersheds, extract timber Forest service builds roads for timber companies and oversees timber extraction Plantation Forestry: even aged stands of one species (monoculture) much like crop agriculture Uneven-aged stands – simulates a natural forest

4. Timber Harvesting Clear cutting: most cost efficient BUT has greatest ecological impact Seed tree or Shelterwood: small numbers of large trees are left to reseed the area or provide shelter for young saplings Selection system: A selected minority of trees are removed at one time No system is without environmental impact

5. The role of fire For many years forest fires were suppressed Now, ecologists recognize the value of prescribed / controlled burning. Suppression leads to a build up of dead wood (kindle for a huge fire) Climate change brings drier warmer weather Prescribed burning allows germination of certain forest species However, it can get out of control Salvage logging: physical removal of dead trees However, such trees are ecologically valuable

6. Parks and Reserves 1. monumentalism: preserving unique features of the land ex. Grand canyon 2.Recreational value: hunting, fishing etc 3.Utilitarian benefit: watershed protection 4.To make use of land that is hard to develop 5.Preservation of biodiversity Areas of outstanding biodiversity Couple preservation with sustainable development Why we created parks and reserves Biosphere reserves

7. SLOSS dilemma Habitat fragmentation is a big issue in the conservation of biodiversity Is a single large reserve better than several small? Depends on the species you want to protect and their range Ex. Large mammals need a large area. BUT insects or birds can fly from fragment to fragment