2. Revolt and Reform Chapter 10

3. List causes or situations which you believe led to a call for reform within the Church.

4. Indulgences John Tetzel Misunderstanding about the meaning of indulgences –Claimed that indulgences granted salvation Luther believed that somewhere people had confused and forgotten the message of Jesus

5. List 3 types of “security” that people try to sell today. For one of these types of security, describe how the typical methods of selling it arelike or unlike Tetzel’s sales pitches for selling indulgences.

6. Extravagant Lifestyle of Church Leaders Church leaders were secular leaders too –A bishop who was a “prince of the Church” was also a prince in the real world –They would live like any other prince would Pope sometimes put his secular rule above the spiritual welfare of the church

7. Buying and Selling Church Offices Wealthy families controlled the church Church leaders had no training

8. Poorly trained and uneducated lower clergy The plague No formal training Members of lower class Had unofficial families Superstitions –Having mass said became viewed as more beneficial than going to mass

9. Spirituality of Laypeople Religious communities of lay people formed Connects to Luther’s idea of priesthood of all believers

10. Spirit of the Renaissance Protestants don’t like so much money being put into churches, sculptures and painting Protestants downplay human potential apart from God –Humans are powerless/worthless without God

11. Nationalism Local leaders were responsible for both religious and secular affairs Reformation could spread from one nation to the next one at a time

12. Discovery of New Lands 1492 Became a less closed society Open to the vast world

13. Invention of the printing press 4% of Germany could read Bibles to base the Reformation on

14. Consider a time when you felt misunderstood by someone you care about (teacher, friend, parent). How did it make you feel? What was your response? What was their response?

15. Luther 1483-1546 Wittenberg, Germany Bible Scholar Catholic Monk Protestant Reformation in 1517 95 Theses –Statements about sin and its forgiveness, the meaning of indulgences, and the popes power to grant

16. Problems with Indulgences Bemoaned indulgences granted salvation People relied too heavily on external practices for salvation Infrequently going to Mass and confession

17. Rome and Pope Many resented them for taking their money Luther: Questioned popes authority to grant indulgences Leo X was not concerned Bishops and Cardinals were –They felt that Luther was questioning papal authority –Luther writes letter to explain –Cardinals call him to Rome

18. Luther’s Hardened Convictions

19. 1. On Papal Authority Pope and his councils were not the final authority on matters of faith Scriptures were authoritative Pope had power but only given by humans Jesus gave Peter & Apostles authority –Can’t be passed on

20. 2. On Grace vs. Works People are saved solely by grace of God Cannot earn salvation through works

21. 3. On the Bible as the sole Supreme Authority Opposed the Church’s view of Scripture and Tradition

22. Luther Excommunicated 1520 Hung the notice in towns Luther refused to recant—heretic Duke Fredrick “kidnapped” Translated Bible to German 10 months later returned to Wittenberg

23. Still Catholic? Wanted to reform not divide He said… 2 possibly 3 sacraments Believed in the real presence of the Eucharist People didn’t need a go between with God Priesthood of all believers Priest could marry Reforms not innovations

24. Augsburg Confession Phillip Melanchthon 1530 Composed document Catholic and Lutheran followers agree and should compromise Catholic theologians condemned The Lutheran church emerged

25. The Peasant’s Revolt Peasants took seriously the priesthood of believers and wanted equality Luther sided with nobles 1524-1525 Revolt Luther condemned violence 130,000 peasants died Nobles blamed Luther

26. Rulers Choose Religion for Region Catholics were given right to practice everywhere Lutherans were restricted Protested— Protestants 1555 Peace of Augsburg –Local ruler can choose religion –Choose based on political reasons

28. Calvinism John Calvin- Frenchman Took Luther’s ideas further Believed in the supreme authority of the scriptures Rejected the Catholic form of the Mass Rejected Christ’s real presence in the Eucharist Calvin advocated simple Church worship Wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion

29. A Strict Intolerant Theocracy Theocracy: complete integration of Church and state Geneva, Switzerland Passed strict laws Rigid adherence to moral principles Became intolerant of other religious beliefs

30. Beliefs All laws based on the bible, but people are not to interpret the bible for themselves, submit to elders Belief in predestination –People are destined for either eternal damnation or eternal salvation –Only select few are saved –Can’t know who is saved, but a good indication is living a moral life and being a good member of society –There are no accidents, God knows all and causes all to happen

31. Henry VIII No son to succeed him Wanted a divorce Clement VII refused –Moral –Political

32. Church of England Developed a state sponsored church Required loyalty from the bishops Act of Supremacy: declared English monarch as head of the Church of England People were required to take an oath acknowledging kings supremacy Sir Thomas More-Catholic who was executed

33. Very Catholic in theology Anglicans, Episcopalians

34. The Catholic Response Catholic Counter-Reformation Or Catholic Reformation Or Counter Reformation

35. Pope Paul III Called meetings between Catholics and Lutherans – broke down over meaning of the Eucharist Called a Council at Trent- 1545 -1563 Two purposes: –Bring Protestants and Catholic together –State clearly the principle teachings of the Church Lutherans refused to attend

36. Renewal of the Church founded by Jesus –No essentials were rejected Popes, Cardinals, bishops and theologians What does it mean to be a good Catholic?

37. Doctrine, Practices, Worship ResultsReason Scriptures Church has final word on Scriptural interpretation Faith based on Scripture and Tradition Luther: interpreted by the individual Scripture alone

38. Salvation based on grace and works Inspired by grace Calvin: Predestination Luther: grace alone 7 Sacraments, real presence of Christ in the Eucharist Protestants found only Baptism and Eucharist in scriptures

39. Original Sin: passed through birth, therefore, infants must be baptized Calvin and Anabaptists said there is no original sin and practiced adult baptism Justified by grace, justice and mercy of God, exemplified by good works Luther said we are justified by faith alone

40. Mass –Latin –Sacrifice Transubstantiation Reformers denied Services were in the language of the people Communion –Both forms not received –Children could receive People shared cup Calvin: children were not able to receive Devotional Practices –Honoring Mary, saints, Rosary, holy water, statues, relics Luther and others did away with saints and other devotionals

41. Bishops and priests: Live in diocese, eliminate abuses surrounding indulgences, seminaries, celibacy Corruption of priests and bishops, poorly trained priests New books: Index Catechism Brievary Missal Stop Catholics from reading books that go against Catholic teaching, Clarify beliefs, priest corruption, standardize Mass

42. Result Reform – not unity – too late Positive outcomes –Needed reforms –Religious orders – rules –New religious orders to help reform –Standardized practices and well defined discipline – guided church to Vatican II

43. Homework: Reflection: How is the Catholic Reformation different from the Protestant Reformation? Which method of change and decision making do you see as more effective?

44. New Religious Orders Ignatius Loyola – Jesuits Teresa of Avila – reformed Carmelites

45. Ignatius of Loyola “Soldier for Christ” Injured Only life according to the Gospels had meaning Pilgrimage to Holy Land Became priest Develops a process for deep conversion- Spiritual Exercises Started Jesuits-15 years of study Started universities and seminaries Good Catholic education would ensure loyalty to the Church

46. Teresa of Avila Carmelite nun Felt monastery lacked quiet focus on God Started St. Joseph’s –Live simply, pray regularly, meditate –Discalced-without shoes Called to found all over Spain Good sense of humor Interior Castle: in the center of every person’s soul is God

47. Implications Need for reform is ongoing – though guided by the Holy Spirit – still a human institution –Still criticism from within –Still silencing critics –Ecumenical dialogue since Vatican II – Catholics, Lutherans and Anglicans are resolving many differences

48. Nationalism and politics today Council of Trent – shaped discipline and practice for 400 years; innovation and ongoing renewal is difficult