1. Diphtheria Revised May 2007 Dr. Sarma R V S N Consultant Physician

2. Diphtheria Greek diphthera (leather hide) Caused by Aerobic Gram +ve rods Cornyebacterium diphtheriae Exotoxin production only if infected by virus phage infected carrying toxin gene

3. Gram +ve Bacilli and Colonies

4. Diphtheria Epidemiology Reservoir Human carriers Usually asymptomatic Transmission Respiratory Skin and fomites rarely Temporal patternWinter and spring CommunicabilityUp to several weeks without antibiotics

5. Diphtheria Clinical Features Incubation period 2-5 days (range, 1-10 days) May involve any mucous membrane Classified based on site of infection  anterior nasal  pharyngeal and tonsillar  laryngeal  cutaneous  ocular  genital

6. Pharyngeal and Tonsillar Diphtheria Insidious onset of exudative pharyngitis Exudate spreads within 2-3 days and may form adherent pseudo membrane Membrane may cause respiratory obstruction Fever usually not high but patient appears toxic

7. Thick Membrane

8. Pseudo membrane

9. ‘Bull Neck’

10. Skin Lesions

11. Diphtheria Complications Mostly attributable to toxin Severity generally related to extent of local disease Most common complications are myocarditis and toxic neuritis with palsy Death occurs in 5%-10% for respiratory disease

12. Diphtheria Antitoxin (DAT) Produced in horses First used in the U.S. in 1891 Used only for treatment of diphtheria Neutralizes only unbound toxin

13. Diphtheria – in USA, 1940-2005* Year *2005 provisional total

14. DTaP, DT, and Td DTaP, DT Td, Tdap (adult) Diphtheria 7-8 Lf units 2-2.5 Lf units Tetanus 5-12.5 Lf units 5 Lf units