5. RESOURCE USEAGE PROFILES OVER TIME

7. Note: Arctic Reserve estimated at 10-20 billion barrels, plus ‘new’ areas Canadian Reserves with Tar Sands ~ 100 billion barrels Russia has unknown additional quantities, Caspian, Siberia, Kamchatka Western USA Oil Shale resource >> Saudi Oil resource.

8. A piece of Oil Shale The USA has at least 3 Trillion barrels of Oil Equivalent of this resource.

9. Coal Carbon, water, impurities C + O 2  CO 2 HALF IS CLINKER

10. : COAL

11. US Coal Consumption Coal 22 QBtu (23%) 80% used by electric utilities

12. Major Coal-Producing States

13. Coal Anthracite 22 – 28 million Btu per ton Not plentiful Bituminous 19 – 30 million Btu per ton Most plentiful Subbituminous 16 – 24 million Btu per ton Low sulfur content Lignite (Brown Coal) 9 – 17 million Btu per ton Local value only

14. Coal Resources and Consumption Global Recoverable 1,000 billion tons Global Consumption 5.2 billion tons/year US Recoverable 274 billion tons US Consumption 1.1 billion tons/year

15. Global Coal Resources United States 25% Russia 16% China 12% India 9% Australia 8% Germany 7% South Africa 5%

20. A major drawback of fission energy: Diversion to bombs

21. CHERNOBYL REGION RADIOACTIVITY Potential for accidental or intentional containment failure.

22. Cleanup can be effected by biological and other means

24. ANY APPROACH WHICH REDUCES ENERGY USE IS USEFUL TO EXTEND OUR RESOURCES, I.E. CONSERVATION IS THE FASTEST METHOD TO GET NEW ENERGY

30. SOLAR ENERGY STORAGE, INEXPENSIVELY

36. Multi-junction Photovoltaics utilize much more of solar spectrum, MORE THAN 30% EFFICIENCY ALREADY ACHIEVED!

37. Highly Efficient Energy Utilization

38. Industrial scale Fuel Cells…

41. EFFICIENCY OF FUEL CELLS: CHEMICAL, NOT THERMAL PROCESS DIRECTLY USES ELECTRICITY WASTE HEAT MUCH LESS THAN OTTO CYCLE ENGINE MAX. EFFICIENCY HEAT ENGINE ~ 25-30% MAX. EFFICIENCY FUEL CELL ~75-80 % WASTE PRODUCTS DEPEND UPON FUEL WATER IN CASE OF HYDROGEN FUEL INTERSTITIAL HYDROGEN IN METALS, EQUALS ENERGY DENSITY OF GASOLINE…

43. ENERGY RESOURCE AND USEAGE DIRECTLY AFFECTED BY POPULATION AND STANDARD OF LIVING...