1. Pathways Out of Poverty: True Integration Through Coalition Building and Public Solidarity john a. powell Executive Director, Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity Williams Chair in Civil Rights and Civil Liberties, Moritz College of Law The Ohio State University October 25, 2007

2. 2 American Narrative on Poverty Self sufficiency and anti- government (ownership society) Self sufficiency and anti- government (ownership society) Responsibility tied only to the individual Responsibility tied only to the individual Deserving (children/innocence) and undeserving poor (mostly people of color) Deserving (children/innocence) and undeserving poor (mostly people of color) Resulting in durable, persistent and racialized poverty Resulting in durable, persistent and racialized poverty

3. 3 Attitudes Toward the Poor Perceived causes of poverty Perceived causes of poverty Internal controllable causality (e.g., lack of effort) Internal controllable causality (e.g., lack of effort) > personal responsibility Internal uncontrollable causality (e.g., illness) Internal uncontrollable causality (e.g., illness) > no one is responsible External controllable causality (e.g., government policy) External controllable causality (e.g., government policy) > others are responsible External uncontrollable causality (e.g., bad luck) External uncontrollable causality (e.g., bad luck) > no one is responsible Perceptions regarding the poor (worthy or unworthy, deserving or not deserving, and moral or immoral) guide disparate emotional reactions and pro- versus anti-social behavioral responses. Perceptions regarding the poor (worthy or unworthy, deserving or not deserving, and moral or immoral) guide disparate emotional reactions and pro- versus anti-social behavioral responses. Source: Weiner, Bernard. “When Poverty is a Moral Failure.”

4. 4 Attitudes Toward the Poor “Why Americans hate welfare” (Gilens) “Why Americans hate welfare” (Gilens) Racial attitudes toward welfare recipients as undeserving Racial attitudes toward welfare recipients as undeserving The “undeserving poor” are assumed to be black, lazy, and lacking in commitment to the work ethic. The “undeserving poor” are assumed to be black, lazy, and lacking in commitment to the work ethic. Media overrepresentation of the level of black welfare dependence Media overrepresentation of the level of black welfare dependence Ethnic and racial fractualization (Alesina & Glaeser) Ethnic and racial fractualization (Alesina & Glaeser) Racial fractualization correlated with income differences Racial fractualization correlated with income differences “All poor are lazy” – racial differences “All poor are lazy” – racial differences between rich and poor facilitated the propagation of this view Sources: Alesina, Alberto and Glaeser, Edward L. “Fighting poverty in the US and Europe: A world of difference” Gilens, Martin. “Why Americans Hate Welfare: Race, Media, and the Politics of Antipoverty Policy” Gilens, Martin. “Why Americans Hate Welfare: Race, Media, and the Politics of Antipoverty Policy”

5. 5 Attitudes Toward the Poor Matter Programs developed for addressing poverty Programs developed for addressing poverty Direct benefit give-away > produces hostility Direct benefit give-away > produces hostility Programs creating opportunity > get more support Programs creating opportunity > get more support How they think about How they think about themselves (the sense of self) Source: http://www.ibiblio.org/prism/mar98/facts.html

6. 6 Individual vs. Collective Responsibility Poverty viewed as personal/cultural failure Poverty viewed as personal/cultural failure Emphasizing poverty as a result of personal or family failure to take advantage of opportunities or lack of motivation Emphasizing poverty as a result of personal or family failure to take advantage of opportunities or lack of motivation System Justification System Justification The poor deserve to be poor The poor deserve to be poor A highly racialized perspective A highly racialized perspective Linked to the narrative of the “American Dream” Linked to the narrative of the “American Dream”

7. 7 Poverty viewed as structural failure Poverty viewed as structural failure Recognizes poverty as the result of inequitable access to opportunities Recognizes poverty as the result of inequitable access to opportunities “A Failure of Opportunity” “A Failure of Opportunity” The dominant frame of the left The dominant frame of the left Current debates of the left are lacking, focusing more on class not race Current debates of the left are lacking, focusing more on class not race Ignores the fact that most structural arrangements producing poverty are racialized Ignores the fact that most structural arrangements producing poverty are racialized Individual vs. Collective Responsibility

8. 8 “Is Bill Cosby Right?: Or Has the Black Middle Class Lost Its Mind?” Cosby’s assault on the black poor for personal responsibility Cosby’s assault on the black poor for personal responsibility Dyson notes systematic/structural reasons Dyson notes systematic/structural reasons “Afristocracy“ blaming "Ghettocracy,” a growing cultural divide within the African-American community “Afristocracy“ blaming "Ghettocracy,” a growing cultural divide within the African-American community Challenges us all – black and white – to confront the social problems that the civil rights movement failed to solve Challenges us all – black and white – to confront the social problems that the civil rights movement failed to solve “Come on, People: On the Path from Victims to Victors” by Bill Cosby & Alvin F. Poussaint “Come on, People: On the Path from Victims to Victors” by Bill Cosby & Alvin F. Poussaint Acknowledge systematic and institutional racism Acknowledge systematic and institutional racism But this can’t be an excuse for individual irresponsibility But this can’t be an excuse for individual irresponsibility

9. 9 Individual and Collective Responsibility It’s not either/or but together: It’s not either/or but together: Need programs that bring about change in the sense of self and change in responsibility Need programs that bring about change in the sense of self and change in responsibility Make an effort to have different understanding and then bundle things together Make an effort to have different understanding and then bundle things together Start with a few things that are in the pathway blocking opportunity and membership Start with a few things that are in the pathway blocking opportunity and membership

10. 10 What do we mean by “Addressing Poverty”? What are human needs? What are human needs? Needs of persons Needs of persons Needs to maintain order and stability (Hobbes, Nozick) Needs to maintain order and stability (Hobbes, Nozick) Need for Legitimacy > Membership (powell) Need for Legitimacy > Membership (powell) What is poverty? What is poverty? Income or wealth Income or wealth Freedom (Sen) Freedom (Sen) Membership (powell) Membership (powell) Sources: Sen, Amartya. “Development as Freedom” powell, john a. “The Needs of Members in a Legitimate Democratic State” powell, john a. “The Needs of Members in a Legitimate Democratic State” Source: Klein, David G.

11. 11 Expanding our Understanding of Poverty Poverty (and wealth) is measured by more than income, but by the capability to live the life one can value and contribute to society, a stable and sustainable existence Poverty (and wealth) is measured by more than income, but by the capability to live the life one can value and contribute to society, a stable and sustainable existence Poverty is the deprivation of basic capabilities, including health and education Poverty is the deprivation of basic capabilities, including health and education People in poverty cannot fully exercise their freedoms People in poverty cannot fully exercise their freedoms Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom (1999) Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom (1999)

12. 12 What is Freedom? Freedoms are many and varied, and Freedoms are many and varied, and they complement and strengthen one another Sen’s “Five Freedoms” Sen’s “Five Freedoms” Political freedoms Political freedoms Economic facilities Economic facilities Social opportunities Social opportunities Transparency guarantees Transparency guarantees Protective security Protective security Economic development and social development are complementary, not competing, freedoms Economic development and social development are complementary, not competing, freedoms Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom (1999) Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom (1999) endering of the Freedom Tower released June 27, 2006. Image: Rendering of the Freedom Tower released June 27, 2006.

13. 13 Membership in a Legitimate Democratic State Membership, the most important good that we distribute to one another in human community (Michael Walzer) Membership, the most important good that we distribute to one another in human community (Michael Walzer) Prior in importance even to freedom Prior in importance even to freedom Citizenship, a precondition to freedom Citizenship, a precondition to freedom Membership, a precondition to citizenship Membership, a precondition to citizenship Distribution of membership Distribution of membership

14. 14 Capability Inequalities and Needs of Members Individual responsibilities and capabilities are affected by health, gender, income, geographic location Individual responsibilities and capabilities are affected by health, gender, income, geographic location What people need to become full members of the society is, everything! What people need to become full members of the society is, everything! We need to look not just at income inequality, but at inequalities in: education, health care, housing, geographical (regional) inequalities We need to look not just at income inequality, but at inequalities in: education, health care, housing, geographical (regional) inequalities

15. 15 Who are Members? And who are not real members? And who are not real members? Theory of citizenship Theory of citizenship Race, class, gender, sexual orientation, etc. Race, class, gender, sexual orientation, etc. What about poor women of color? What about poor women of color? Separating people and isolating the poor Separating people and isolating the poor Affects everybody. Everybody is on their own! Affects everybody. Everybody is on their own! Problems with social welfare in the US. Problems with social welfare in the US. Privatizing public issues (eg. healthcare, global warming, poverty, education, prison, etc.) Privatizing public issues (eg. healthcare, global warming, poverty, education, prison, etc.)

16. 16 Racialization of Poverty Many feel that this racialization of concentrated poverty has improved in recent years. Many feel that this racialization of concentrated poverty has improved in recent years. In 1960, African-American families in poverty were 3.8 times more likely to be concentrated in high-poverty neighborhoods than poor whites. In 1960, African-American families in poverty were 3.8 times more likely to be concentrated in high-poverty neighborhoods than poor whites. In 2000, they were 7.3 times more likely. In 2000, they were 7.3 times more likely. Fact Sheet from the Opportunity Agenda, Housing Neighborhoods and Opportunity. http://www.opportunityagenda.org/site/c.mwL5KkN0LvH/b.1433711/k.B7BA/Housing_Fact_Sheet.htm http://www.opportunityagenda.org/site/c.mwL5KkN0LvH/b.1433711/k.B7BA/Housing_Fact_Sheet.htm

17. 17 Cycle of Cumulative Causation Racism exists not in individuals. Racism exists not in individuals. Race is a web, or matrix of several factors of disadvantage culminating, and feeding off each other creating a vicious cycle of cumulative causation. Race is a web, or matrix of several factors of disadvantage culminating, and feeding off each other creating a vicious cycle of cumulative causation. The structure we inhabit The structure we inhabit distribute material benefits and burden across society distribute material benefits and burden across society also distribute meaning also distribute meaning which in turn shapes racial attitudes and influences the formation of racial identities which in turn shapes racial attitudes and influences the formation of racial identities Source: powell, john a. “Structural Racism: Building Upon the Insights of John Calmore” (tentative title)

18. 18 The Cumulative Impacts of Racial and Opportunity Segregation Adapted from figure by Barbara Reskin at: http://faculty.washington.edu/reskin/http://faculty.washington.edu/reskin/ Segregation impacts a number of life-opportunities Neighborhood Segregation School Segregation Racial stigma, other psychological impacts Job segregation Impacts on community power and individual assets Impacts on Educational Achievement Exposure to crime; arrest Transportation limitations and other inequitable public services Impacts on Health

19. 19 Programs Addressing Poverty Strategic mistakes of separating the poor from everybody else Strategic mistakes of separating the poor from everybody else Programs that enjoy the most support are the ones targeting the non-poor (eg. social security) Programs that enjoy the most support are the ones targeting the non-poor (eg. social security) Programs targeting a particular racial group separate them from the other … Programs targeting a particular racial group separate them from the other … Not much attention paid to why whites should care about integration Not much attention paid to why whites should care about integration “What about us?” - poor white middle class reacting to social justice work “What about us?” - poor white middle class reacting to social justice work Need programs that link the poor and the non-poor Need programs that link the poor and the non-poor

20. 20 Targeted Universalism Through collective imagination, we need to define what the future should look like Through collective imagination, we need to define what the future should look like A New Paradigm! : Targeted Universalism A New Paradigm! : Targeted Universalism What is our alternative vision? What is our alternative vision? A model where we all grow together A model where we all grow together A model where we embrace collective solutions A model where we embrace collective solutions This vision requires collective action and will require coalitions to be successful This vision requires collective action and will require coalitions to be successful

21. 21 Integration Integration is often conflated with desegregation, assimilation and diversity Integration is often conflated with desegregation, assimilation and diversity One without the other is incomplete One without the other is incomplete Just the universal ignores the marginal. Just the universal ignores the marginal. Just the particular ignores connectedness. Just the particular ignores connectedness.

22. 22 Integration into Opportunity Segregation is more than just the physical isolation of people Segregation is more than just the physical isolation of people Segregation is isolation from opportunity or opportunity structures Segregation is isolation from opportunity or opportunity structures Integration is not just about bringing in more people. Integration is not just about bringing in more people. Integration into opportunity Integration into opportunity

23. 23 Integration We are constantly making our commonality. We are constantly making our commonality. It is there and not there. It is there and not there. Because we are both the same and different, dialogue is necessary and possible. Because we are both the same and different, dialogue is necessary and possible. If we were all just the same, dialogue would not be necessary. If we were all just the same, dialogue would not be necessary. If we were just different, dialogue would not be possible. If we were just different, dialogue would not be possible. This project is not just one of This project is not just one of distributing benefit but also identity. It is a deeply political, practical It is a deeply political, practical and spiritual issue.

24. 24 True Integration Creative and respective of inter-group relations based on mutuality, equality and fairness Creative and respective of inter-group relations based on mutuality, equality and fairness Transformative rather than assimilative Transformative rather than assimilative Transforms and enriches the mainstream Transforms and enriches the mainstream (cf. desegregation, at best, attempts to assimilate “minorities” into the mainstream)

25. 25 Coalition building Move from transactional level to a deeper level Move from transactional level to a deeper level Coalition across groups, space, ideology Coalition across groups, space, ideology Ethics of connectedness and linked fate Ethics of connectedness and linked fate We are seeing us as disconnected. We are seeing us as disconnected. Structure in our society is disconnecting us (eg. public utility, public transportation) Structure in our society is disconnecting us (eg. public utility, public transportation)

26. 26 Transformative View of Race Strategic and transformative use of race requires that we show how all groups, including whites, are helped and harmed by our current institutional arrangements. Strategic and transformative use of race requires that we show how all groups, including whites, are helped and harmed by our current institutional arrangements. Structural analysis enables us to understand race as a transformative instrument for change. Structural analysis enables us to understand race as a transformative instrument for change. Source: powell, john a. “Race and Transformative Agenda”

27. 27 Milwaukee, A Snapshot The 7th poorest city in the Nation (U.S. Census 2004) The 7th poorest city in the Nation (U.S. Census 2004) 45 % of black males unemployed (CEDUWM 2006) 45 % of black males unemployed (CEDUWM 2006) The 3 rd worst city for African-Americans (Black Enterprise 2007) The 3 rd worst city for African-Americans (Black Enterprise 2007)

28. 28 Concentrated Poverty in Milwaukee In 2000, 600,000 people in Milwaukee In 2000, 600,000 people in Milwaukee 37% black, 12% Hispanic 37% black, 12% Hispanic In 2006, 26% of Milwaukeans live below the poverty threshold In 2006, 26% of Milwaukeans live below the poverty threshold 38% of African American population and 34% of Latino population in poverty 38% of African American population and 34% of Latino population in poverty (Center on Wisconsin Strategy) Source: COWS (Center on Wisconsin Strategy), “Moving Outward: The shifting landscape of poverty in Milwaukee”

29. 29 African American Population in the Milwaukee Region

30. 30 The Dynamics of Opportunity in Milwaukee Population by Race by Neighborhood Opportunity Level Who is living in low opportunity communities in Milwaukee? Who is living in low opportunity communities in Milwaukee? Nearly 85% of the Milwaukee region ’ s African Americans live in “ low ” and “ very low ” opportunity neighborhoods Nearly 85% of the Milwaukee region ’ s African Americans live in “ low ” and “ very low ” opportunity neighborhoods 2/3 ’ s of the region ’ s Latinos can be found in these communities 2/3 ’ s of the region ’ s Latinos can be found in these communities Approximately 200,000 Whites are found in “ low ” and “ very low ” opportunity communities Approximately 200,000 Whites are found in “ low ” and “ very low ” opportunity communities 225,000 African Americans and 70,000 Latinos live in these communities as well 225,000 African Americans and 70,000 Latinos live in these communities as well

31. 31 Subsidized Housing and Poverty in the Milwaukee Region 1998 is concentrated in higher poverty areas. Subsidized Housing and Poverty in the Milwaukee Region 1998 is concentrated in higher poverty areas. Milwaukee needs approximately 28,000 units of housing for extremely low income families. Milwaukee needs approximately 28,000 units of housing for extremely low income families. (Comprehensive Housing Affordability Survey, HUD, 2004)

32. 32 Milwaukee Initiatives A Review of the Milwaukee A Review of the Milwaukee Workforce Development System Low level of business involvement Separation of Workforce Development funding streams Lack of employment and training service coordination Inadequate transitional support of new workers and Meager career development opportunities Source: “A Review of the Milwaukee Workforce Development System and Recommendations for Improvements”

33. 33 Milwaukee Initiatives Residents Preference Program (1991 ~ ) Residents Preference Program (1991 ~ ) Requires 25% of all hours worked on city public works contracts be performed by residents in poor areas of the city Requires 25% of all hours worked on city public works contracts be performed by residents in poor areas of the city New Hope Project (1994 ~ ) New Hope Project (1994 ~ ) Income supplement, subsidized health and child care, job search assistance Income supplement, subsidized health and child care, job search assistance Housing Trust Fund (2006 ~ ) Housing Trust Fund (2006 ~ ) Assist in the construction and rehabilitation of affordable housing for both for-profit and non-profit developers Assist in the construction and rehabilitation of affordable housing for both for-profit and non-profit developers Need for collaborative initiatives Need for collaborative initiatives

34. 34 Examples of Successful Programs Chicago, IL - Center for Working Families Chicago, IL - Center for Working Families A new approach to help low-income families A new approach to help low-income families increase their earnings and income ("Earn It"), increase their earnings and income ("Earn It"), reduce their financial transaction costs ("Keep It"), reduce their financial transaction costs ("Keep It"), and build wealth for themselves and their communities ("Grow It") and build wealth for themselves and their communities ("Grow It") Portland, OR Portland, OR Assign recipients to adult education, vocational training, or life skills classes depending on their skills and needs. Assign recipients to adult education, vocational training, or life skills classes depending on their skills and needs. An employment focus, the use of both job search and short-term education or training, and an emphasis on holding out for a good job An employment focus, the use of both job search and short-term education or training, and an emphasis on holding out for a good job Suggests a need to bundle things together Suggests a need to bundle things together Sources: “A Review of the Milwaukee Workforce Development System and Recommendations for Improvements,” 2007 “Moving People from Welfare to Work: Lessons from the National Evaluation of Welfare-to-Work Strategies,” 2002

35. 35 Pathways Out of Poverty Think about how to serve the poor without isolating the poor Think about how to serve the poor without isolating the poor Identify, test and help sustain pathways out of poverty Identify, test and help sustain pathways out of poverty See people move along a road to self- sufficiency See people move along a road to self- sufficiency Ensure access to meaningful opportunity is shared fairly, giving all children, adults, and families and communities a chance to live free of poverty Ensure access to meaningful opportunity is shared fairly, giving all children, adults, and families and communities a chance to live free of poverty

36. 36 Public Face of Love is Solidarity “We are all caught up in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever effects one directly effects all indirectly.” “We are all caught up in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever effects one directly effects all indirectly.” - The Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. What Are Community Values? (Video clip) What Are Community Values? (Video clip) What Are Community Values? What Are Community Values?

37. 37 www.KirwanInstitute.org

38. 38 Addendum Our current paradigm and its effects on social justice work Our current paradigm and its effects on social justice work Our current paradigm Our current paradigm Race and Class Race and Class Race and Class Race and Class Integration vs. Desegregation (Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.) Integration vs. Desegregation (Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.) Integration vs. Desegregation Integration vs. Desegregation

39. 39 Our Current Paradigm Hobbesian, isolated, radically individualistic Hobbesian, isolated, radically individualistic Perceives individuals as autonomous- independent selves Perceives individuals as autonomous- independent selves Egoistic, possessive, separate, isolated, rational Egoistic, possessive, separate, isolated, rational Role of state: protect individualism and individual property Role of state: protect individualism and individual property Addendum

40. 40 Our Current Paradigm This has led to increasing isolation and fear of the other This has led to increasing isolation and fear of the other This framework creates and marginalizes the racialized other This framework creates and marginalizes the racialized other Creates false separations – negates shared humanity Creates false separations – negates shared humanity As a result we are a nation divided, and have failed to achieve true democracy As a result we are a nation divided, and have failed to achieve true democracy Addendum

41. 41 Effects of Current Paradigm on Social Justice Work Within this framework, social justice work: Within this framework, social justice work: Overlooks opportunities for coalition building Overlooks opportunities for coalition building Is more fragmented and isolated Is more fragmented and isolated May be competitive and divisive May be competitive and divisive Can lead to guilt or disempowerment Can lead to guilt or disempowerment Is not connected to an overarching set of shared values Is not connected to an overarching set of shared values Lacks a cohesive and unified vision! Lacks a cohesive and unified vision! Addendum

42. 42 Race and Class From this nation’s inception, the race line was used to demarcate and patrol the divide between those who constituted the “We” in “We The People.” From this nation’s inception, the race line was used to demarcate and patrol the divide between those who constituted the “We” in “We The People.” Race is a critical part of the construction of class-as-merit. It is this individualistic ideology that helps to defeat class solidarity. Race is a critical part of the construction of class-as-merit. It is this individualistic ideology that helps to defeat class solidarity. According to economists Alberto Alesina and Edwans Glaeser, much of the difference between America and European welfare systems can be explained by racial heterogeneity. According to economists Alberto Alesina and Edwans Glaeser, much of the difference between America and European welfare systems can be explained by racial heterogeneity. Addendum

43. 43 Race and Class Many today argue that class, not race, is the greatest cleavage in American society Many today argue that class, not race, is the greatest cleavage in American society There is a fear that talking about race will take away from class and economic concerns There is a fear that talking about race will take away from class and economic concerns Race and class, however, cannot be so easily separated Race and class, however, cannot be so easily separated Addendum

44. 44 Race and Class As related sociological phenomena, race and class analyses are strongest when employed together As related sociological phenomena, race and class analyses are strongest when employed together Race and class are mutually constitutive Race and class are mutually constitutive Differential treatment of indentured servants and black slaves—led to barriers in collective organization Differential treatment of indentured servants and black slaves—led to barriers in collective organization Led to racial distinction—middle class individualism and the black underclass as “unworthy” Led to racial distinction—middle class individualism and the black underclass as “unworthy” Addendum

45. 45 Race and Class Race left a heavy footprint on class Race left a heavy footprint on class Entrenched racial divide continues today Entrenched racial divide continues today White face on the suburban middle class, allowed for stereotyping of the “black welfare queen”—which prevented the development of a welfare state similar to Europe or Canada White face on the suburban middle class, allowed for stereotyping of the “black welfare queen”—which prevented the development of a welfare state similar to Europe or Canada Racial associations made with certain occupations—example of class and race interacting Racial associations made with certain occupations—example of class and race interacting Addendum

46. 46 Connecting Race and Class Class may be understood even less than race, but it is important to recognize it as equally a cultural and economic formation Class may be understood even less than race, but it is important to recognize it as equally a cultural and economic formation Transformative potential lies in realizing the link between race and class—apply the knowledge of the limitations of middle-class merit thinking with the best scholarship on race Transformative potential lies in realizing the link between race and class—apply the knowledge of the limitations of middle-class merit thinking with the best scholarship on race A progressive agenda must account for race and not use class as a proxy. The most successful multi-racial, multi-class progressive movements in the United States tackled race directly A progressive agenda must account for race and not use class as a proxy. The most successful multi-racial, multi-class progressive movements in the United States tackled race directly Addendum

47. 47 Integration vs. Desegregation “The word segregation represents a system that is prohibitive; it denies the Negro equal access to schools, parks, restaurants, libraries and the like. Desegregation is eliminative and negative, for it simply removes these legal and social prohibitions.” “The word segregation represents a system that is prohibitive; it denies the Negro equal access to schools, parks, restaurants, libraries and the like. Desegregation is eliminative and negative, for it simply removes these legal and social prohibitions.” “Integration is creative, and is therefore more profound and far-reaching than desegregation. Integration is the positive acceptance of desegregation and the welcomed participation of Negroes into the total range of human activities.” “Integration is creative, and is therefore more profound and far-reaching than desegregation. Integration is the positive acceptance of desegregation and the welcomed participation of Negroes into the total range of human activities.” “Integration is genuine intergroup, interpersonal doing. Desegregation then, rightly, is only a short-range goal. Integration is the ultimate goal of our national community.” “Integration is genuine intergroup, interpersonal doing. Desegregation then, rightly, is only a short-range goal. Integration is the ultimate goal of our national community.” Source: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. “The Ethical Demands of Integration.” December 27, 1962. Addendum