1. Human Impacts on Coral Reefs Part 3 Global Impacts Part 3 Global Impacts

2. The Greenhouse Effect 45% reaches the surface 25% 5% atmosphere reflected 25%

3. Human-Produced Greenhouse Gases Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Methane (CH 4 ) Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O) Ozone (O 3 )

4. Natural Phenomena Upper atmosphere research satellite Volcanic emissions? Sea spray? Direct evidence Direct evidence sunspots

5. Greenhouse Gases

7. Carbon Dioxide & Temperature Year

8. Possible Impacts of Global Warming on Corals and Coral Reefs bleaching eustatic sea level rise creating more growth room for reefs increased carbon dioxide may increase reef primary productivity increased storm damage changes to patterns of terrestrial runoff changes to ocean circulation patterns bleaching eustatic sea level rise creating more growth room for reefs increased carbon dioxide may increase reef primary productivity increased storm damage changes to patterns of terrestrial runoff changes to ocean circulation patterns

9. Effect on Marine Life Phytoplankton bloom due to light and temperature cues Changes will impact food web Hypoxia may result

10. Effect on Fisheries Migrations are in response to temperature May impact fisheries

11. Effect on Corals Coral bleaching Leads to loss of habitat and food for reef- dependent species

12. Global Bleaching (2002) none low moderate severe severity unknown

13. Some causes of coral bleaching Unusually high or low temperatures Unusually high or low salinity High amounts of visible or ultraviolet light Sedimentation High levels of nutrients (sewage, etc.) High levels of toxins (pesticides, etc.)

14. Currents Oceanic conveyor belt may change ocean currents Currents carry plankton Bring food and oxygen Distribute eggs and larvae Remove wastes and pollutants Currents

15. Salinity Animals have a narrow range of tolerance Glacial melting inputs lots of freshwater Salinity

16. Acidity CO 2 makes water acidic Corals and other calcium carbonate species can’t make skeleton Impact on plankton development impacts food web Ocean Acidification

17. Temperature Higher temperature results in less O 2 - Results in hypoxia Ice melting leaves no resting/hunting areas for polar bears Antarctic Krill impacts food web Temperature

18. Invasive Species Algae smothers coral Invasive species out-compete natives Invasive Species

19. Weather Events More severe weather patterns El Niño Hurricanes Mudslides Forest Fires Drought Weather Events

20. Sea Level Rise

24. Projected Sea Level Rise

25. Effects of Sea Level Rise on Human Populations Sinking Islands

26. Effects of Sea Level Rise on Human Populations Sinking Islands Kiribati Tuvalu

27. Artificial Islands a Solution?

28. Consequences: Worst Predictions 4-6 o F increase (2-3 o C) in 20-30 years End of the Ice Age: 1 o C per 500 years Now: 1 o C per 10 years End of the Ice Age: 1 o C per 500 years Now: 1 o C per 10 years Highest temperature in 2 million years

29. Temperature Rise Melting: glacier & polar ice cap 11% in last 100 years Sea temperature increase: 2 o F increase = 2 ft (0.6 m) rise

30. Global Warming

31. http://www.glaciers.pdx.edu/Projects/LearnAboutGlaciers/ROMO/BasicsIceAges.htmhttp://www.glaciers.pdx.edu/Projects/LearnAboutGlaciers/ROMO/BasicsIceAges.htm l Click on link Global Warming

32. Ice Ages in Hawai`i

33. 100 m sea level rise Global Warming

34. 100 m sea level rise

35. 1 Meter Sea Level Rise Waikiki http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/HMRG/FloodingOahu/index.php http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/coasts/sealevel/waikiki.html

36. Destroys coastal habitat (e.g. salt marshes, mangroves) Destroys human property Increases pollution Decreases freshwater supply Sea Level Rise

37. Ozone Depletion

38. Ozone (O 3 ) in the Atmosphere

39. Absorption of Ultraviolet Radiation by the Earth’s Atmosphere

40. Ultraviolet Radiation “A threat to the continuation of life” 2 Humans:DNA damage Cancer Crops:Productivity decrease Ocean plants:Death? VisibleInfrared (IR)UV

41. Ultraviolet Radiation stratospheric ozone layer CFCs:refrigeration electronics foam packaging spray propellants destroy UV ‘96: CFC decrease noticed 2006: stabilization? ‘96: CFC decrease noticed 2006: stabilization?

42. Antarctic Total Ozone Trend 400 1950196019701980199020002010 300 200 100 0 Total ozone (Dobson units) Ozone blocks UV

43. Size of the Antarctic ozone hole Average Area: millions sq km North America Antarctica Prediction: 50 years to return to 1980 size 1979 2001 30 20 10 0

44. Oct. 1979

45. Sep. 2012 8.2 million miles 2

47. Naturally Occurring Ozone Destroying Chemicals nitrogen from soils and the ocean hydrogen from atmospheric water vapor chlorine from the ocean nitrogen from soils and the ocean hydrogen from atmospheric water vapor chlorine from the ocean

48. Human Produced Ozone Destroying Chemicals chlorofluorocarbons jet aircraft exhaust other industrial chemicals chlorofluorocarbons jet aircraft exhaust other industrial chemicals

49. Human Produced Ozone Destroying Chemicals

50. Effects of UV on Living Things damage to DNA resulting in mutations damage to other biological molecules –proteins: enzyme inactivation –lipids: disruption of cell membranes and membrane transport systems damage to DNA resulting in mutations damage to other biological molecules –proteins: enzyme inactivation –lipids: disruption of cell membranes and membrane transport systems

51. Corals and UV Radiation decreased growth decreased rates of calcification transplantation experiments (deep corals brought to the surface) demonstrate corals may be UV-sensitive (exhibit bleaching and increased mortality) coral sperm appears to be UV-sensitive (note spawning normally takes place at night) decreased growth decreased rates of calcification transplantation experiments (deep corals brought to the surface) demonstrate corals may be UV-sensitive (exhibit bleaching and increased mortality) coral sperm appears to be UV-sensitive (note spawning normally takes place at night)