1. Global Warming 011

2. Winter solstice Dec. 22 Sun vertical at 23.5 o S Winter solstice Dec. 22 Sun vertical at 23.5 o S Autumnal equinox Sep. 23 Sun vertical at equator Summer solstice June 21 Sun vertical at 23.5 o N Vernal equinox March 21 Sun vertical at equator Northern Hemisphere Names

3. Earth further from sun Earth closer to sun

4. Solar irradiance- What are some factors that effect exposure to irradiance? The radiant energy emitted by the sun. It is highest at the equator and lowest at the poles. We are interested in conditions near the Earth’s surface

5. Convection cell model Non-rotating Earth

6. Add rotation and add landmasses unequal heating and cooling of the Earth

7. Physical properties of the atmosphere: Density Warm, low density air rises Cool, high density air sinks Creates circular- moving loop of air (convection cell)

8. Physical properties of the atmosphere: Water vapor Cool air cannot hold much water vapor, so is typically dry Warm air can hold more water vapor, so is typically moist Water vapor decreases the density of air

9. Physical properties of the atmosphere: Pressure A column of cool, dense air causes high pressure at the surface, which will lead to sinking air A column of warm, less dense air causes low pressure at the surface, which will lead to rising air

10. ITCZ intertropical convergence zone= doldrums Low pressure, wet climate High pressure, dry climate Low pressure, wet climate 30 o 60 o 90 o 0 o High pressure, dry climate

11. A)Idealized winds generated by pressure gradient and Coriolis Force. B)Actual wind patterns owing to land mass distribution..

12. The Coriolis effect –Is a result of Earth’s rotation –Causes moving objects to follow curved paths: In Northern Hemisphere, curvature is to right In Southern Hemisphere, curvature is to left –Changes with latitude: No Coriolis effect at Equator Maximum Coriolis effect at poles

13. The Coriolis effect on Earth As Earth rotates, different latitudes travel at different speeds The change in speed with latitude causes the Coriolis effect

14. equator Quito Buffalo 79 o W North Pole South Pole N Quito Buffalo equator Buffalo moves 783 mph Quito moves 1036 mph 15 o

15. Gyres are large circular-moving loops of water subtropical gyres Five main gyres (one in each ocean basin): North Pacific South Pacific North Atlantic South Atlantic Indian Generally 4 currents in each gyre Centered about 30 o north or south latitude Current Gyres

16. Geostrophic flow and western intensification Geostrophic flow causes a hill to form in subtropical gyres The center of the gyre is shifted to the west because of Earth’s rotation Western boundary currents are intensified Figure 7-7

17. Wind-driven surface currents

18. Global Warming

19. The E-M Spectrum

20. Fate of Solar Radiation Reaching the Earth reflectionclouds snow and ice the earth’s surface atmospheric dust reflectionclouds snow and ice the earth’s surface atmospheric dust

21. Fate of Solar Radiation Reaching the Earth absorptionatmosphereoceansland plant photosynthesis absorptionatmosphereoceansland

22. Fate of Solar Radiation Reaching the Earth radiationradiation

23. The Greenhouse Effect

24. Greenhouse Gases Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxide Water Vapor Ozone

25. Thousands of Years Before Present Temperature Change ( o F) Atmospheric CO 2 (ppm)

26. Year Temperature Carbon Dioxide Temperature Change ( o F) Atmospheric CO 2 (ppm) Atmospheric CO 2 & Surface Temperature Trends

27. b Sea level rise b Increased plant primary productivity b Shifts in the distribution of plants and animals b Water contamination and outbreaks of water-borne diseases b Increased storm severity b Potential melting or enlargement of polar ice caps b Changes to patterns of rainfall b More severe droughts or increased precipitation b changes to ocean circulation patterns Predicted changes with increased greenhouse warming

28. Ice Age 18,000 years ago

29. Sea Level Changes due to Ice Ages and Ice Cap Melting

30. Year Changes in Mean Sea Level Mean Sea Level Rise

31. Summer Arctic Sea Ice Decline Comparison between 1979 & 2005 Summer Arctic Sea Ice Decline Comparison between 1979 & 2005

32. Early Fall Arctic Sea Ice Extent Sea Ice Extent (million km 2 ) Year

33. Greenland Seasonal Surface Melting Surface melting

35. Permafrost

37. Permafrost melting

39. Drunken forest

40. Year North Atlantic Tropical Storms 10-year running average North Atlantic Tropical Storms 10-year running average Named Tropical Storms

41. 1 Meter Sea Level Rise Waikiki http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/HMRG/FloodingOahu/index.php http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/coasts/sealevel/waikiki.html

42. Sea Level Rise Destroys coastal habitat (e.g. salt marshes, mangroves) Destroys human property Increases pollution Decreases freshwater supply

43. Effect on Marine Life Phytoplankton bloom due to light and temperature cues Changes will impact food web Hypoxia may result

44. Effect on Fisheries Migrations are in response to temperature May impact fisheries

45. Effect on Corals Coral bleaching Leads to loss of habitat and food for reef- dependent species

46. Currents Oceanic conveyor belt may change ocean currents Currents carry plankton Bring food and oxygen Distribute eggs and larvae Remove wastes and pollutants

47. Salinity Animals have a narrow range of tolerance Glacial melting inputs lots of freshwater

48. Acidity CO 2 makes water acidic Corals and other calcium carbonate species can’t make skeleton Impact on plankton development impacts food web

49. Temperature Higher temperature results in less O 2 - Results in hypoxia Ice melting leaves no resting/hunting areas for polar bears Antarctic Krill impacts food web

50. Invasive Species Algae smothers coral Invasive species out-compete natives

51. Weather Events More severe weather patterns El Niño Hurricanes Mudslides Forest Fires Drought

52. Sea Surface Temperature July 24, 2012 http://www.elnino.noaa.gov/

53. Origin and paths of tropical cyclones Tropical cyclones are intense low pressure storms created by: –Warm water –Moist air –Coriolis effect

54. El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) El Niño = warm surface current in equatorial eastern Pacific that occurs periodically around Christmastime Southern Oscillation = change in atmospheric pressure over Pacific Ocean accompanying El Niño ENSO describes a combined oceanic- atmospheric disturbance

55. El Niño Oceanic and atmospheric phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean Occurs during December 2 to 7 year cycle Sea Surface Temperature Atmospheric Winds Upwelling

56. Normal conditions in the Pacific Ocean

57. El Niño conditions (ENSO warm phase)

58. La Niña conditions (ENSO cool phase; opposite of El Niño)

59. El Ni ñ oNon El Ni ñ o 1997

60. Non El Niño El Niño thermocline upwelling

61. El Niño events over the last 62 years 82-83 65-66 72-73 57-58 86-87 91-92 94-95 97-98 02-03 09-10 Red - Strong El Nino Blue- Strong La Nina Black – moderate (either) 50-51 55-56 64-65 70-71 73-74 75-76 88-89 98-99 99-00 07-08 10-11 11- 12

62. 196919511957195019551973 197619631965195419701975 197719681972195619981988 200419861982196220071999 20061987199719642010 19911967 19941971 20021974 20091984 1995 2000 El NiñoLa Niña WeakModStrongWeakModStrong 2011

63. Effects of severe El Niños

64. 1.What is a convection cell? 2.What are current atmospheric CO 2 levels? 3.What is the fate of the majority of solar radiation that strikes the Earth? 4.What is a drunken forest? 5.What is permafrost? 6.Is global warming a natural event? Inquiry