1. What are the 4 branches of Science?
1. Biology
Study of life
2. Chemistry
Study of composition of matter
Physics
Study of forces and motion
Earth Science
Study of the Earth and its surroundings

2. Four Branches of Earth Science
Geology
Study of the solid earth
Oceanography
Study of the oceans
Meteorology
Study of the atmosphere and weather
Astronomy
Study of the universe

3. Nebular Hypothesis
The bodies in our solar system evolved from a huge rotating cloud
Hydrogen and helium rotated and collapsed towards center
cooling caused rocky/metallic materials
collisions of materials makes em bigger
outer planets are mostly gas and ice
Inner planets made of rock and metal

5. 4 Earth’s Spheres

6. 1. Hydrosphere = all earth’s water…everywhere.

7. 2. Atmosphere = all the air surrounding earth

8. 3. Geosphere = all of the solid earth

9. 4. Biosphere = all living things on earth

10. Plate Tectonics Theory
Model to explain how earthquakes and volcanoes occur, and how continents move.
Explains mountain range formation

11. Determining Location
Latitude – distance N or S of equator measured in degrees
Lines run east and west
Oº = equator
90º = poles
Longitude – distance E or W of equator measured in degrees
Lines run N and S
Oº = Prime Meridian
180º = International Date Line

13. Maps
Projecting from a round earth/globe onto a flat map will always produce some type of distortion…
Land & distances at the poles are greatly enlarged
Land & distances at the equator are normal

14. Topographic Maps (Contour Maps)
Represents the 3-D earth in 2-D.
Shows elevations by contour lines (lines of equal elevation)
Contour interval – elevation difference between adjacent lines
Scale – a distance on the map = a distance on the surface (ratio, bar, verbal)
Legend/key – explains symbols on the map

16. Rules of Contour Lines Never cross “Vs” point upstream
Closely spaced lines = steep land
Farther spaced lines = flatter land
Form closed loops

17. Earth as a System Is a system of numerous interacting parts
Our actions change other parts of earth
Renewable resources
Can be replaced in our lifetime
wood, water, animals, plants
Non-renewable resources
Cannot be replaced quickly
Oil, coal, natural gas

18. Population Doubling rate – the time it takes a population to double
Population explosion – gets out of hand exponentially
Environmental problems…
Too many people to feed
Not enough land to live on
Resources not available to everyone

20. Reasons for Rapid Growth
Better medicine available to everyone
Better nutrition for everyone
Access to clean drinking water
Technology makes many things possible…
People are also living longer
2012 World Population = 7 billion!

21. Scientific Method Identify problem Make observations
Form a hypothesis (possible explanation for an occurrence)
Test the hypothesis
Accept, reject, or modify hypothesis.

22. Latitude and Longitude
Written as follows: 118°00’00” meaning 118 degrees, 0 minutes, and 0 seconds.
31°30’15” = 31 degrees, 30 minutes, and 15 seconds.
Remember that minutes and seconds only go to 60…not 100!
Always connect the top/bottom and left/right lines of lat or long

23. Earth’s Layers
The geosphere is layered into 3 sections…the crust, the mantle, and the core.
Crust = thin outer covering
Mantle = upper and lower
Crust and upper part of upper = lithosphere
Lower part of upper = asthenosphere
Core = outer and inner
Outer = liquid,
Inner = solid