1. Earth Science
Chapter 1-2

2. The Four Great Realms
Lithosphere
Hydrosphere
Atmosphere
Biosphere

4. Atmosphere
The layer of gases that surround and form an envelope around the Earth.
Consists of several gases
Nitrogen – 78%
Oxygen – 21%
CO2, H2O,
others – 1%

5. Lithosphere Earth's solid, rocky outer layer
The continents, islands and ocean floors

6. Hydrosphere All of the water present on the planet
Oceans, lakes, streams, ice caps, snow, glaciers, etc.

7. Biosphere
That area of the land, water and air that contains life!

8. Litho = solid rock
Atmos = air
Hydro = water
Bio = Life
Sphere = round

10. 1. To which sphere do all of earth’s inhabitants belong. 2
1. To which sphere do all of earth’s inhabitants belong? 2. What is earth’s hydrosphere made of? 3. Where is water in the gaseous state found? 4. To which sphere do mountains, valleys, and other pieces of land belong?

11. Glaciers carved Yosemite valley
Which earth systems interact for following –
Glaciers carved Yosemite valley
2. Most of California’s earthquakes are caused by movement of rocks along the San Andreas Fault System
3. Many of the mudslides in northern California occur when snow melts

12. Sequoias and redwoods grow in some of the forests in California
The Pacific Ocean borders western California
Death Valley is one of the hottest, driest places on earth

13. Energy Transfer Moving object Waves electromagnetic waves
Heat flow – heat flows from a warmer object to a colder object

14. Branches of Earth Science
Geology – geo = earth
Meteorology
Environmental Science

15. The Earth’s Surface
Topography: The shape of the land. The topography of an area includes the area's elevation, relief, and landforms.

16. Elevation - Relief Elevation -height above sea level
Relief - difference between the highest and the lowest points of an area

17. Landforms
3 main types:
Plains
mountains
plateaus

18. Plains: made up of flat or gently rolling land with low relief
Coastal plains
Interior plains

19. Mountains: made up of high elevation and high relief.
Mountain range: Group of mountains closely related in shape, structure, and age
Mountain System: Different ranges in an area

20. Mountain Belt: Mountain ranges and Mountain systems in a long connected chain
Plateaus: high elevation and a more or less level surface

21. Landform
Elevation
Relief
Plain
Low
Mountain
High
Plateaus

22. Earth’s Grid – Equator & Prime Meridian
Prime Meridian goes through Greenwich, England
Equator is half way between the North & South pole

23. Latitude & Longitude
Latitude: the distance north or south of the equator
Longitude: the distance east or west of the prime meridian

24. Both latitude & longitude are measured in degrees

25. Latitude & Longitude

27. Topographic Maps

28. They provide information on the elevation, relief, and slope of the ground surface

29. Reading a Topo Map Thin lines that connect points of equal elevation.
Contour lines
Thin lines that connect points of equal elevation.

30. It shows the change in elevation from contour line to
Contour interval
Spaces between
the contour lines.
It shows the change in elevation from contour line to
contour line.

31. Thick, darker lines, usually every fifth contour line.
Index contour
Thick, darker lines, usually every fifth contour line.

32. Interpreting Contour Lines
Closely spaced contour lines indicate steep slopes.
Widely spaced contour lines are used for gentle slopes or flatter areas.

33. Closed loop with no other contour lines inside it indicates a hilltop.
V-shaped contour lines pointing uphill indicate a valley.
V-shaped contour lines pointing downhill indicate a ridge.

34. A closed loop with dashes inside – a depression or hollow in the ground

35. Making a Topo Map