1. Types of Social Interaction

2. Exchange
Exchange: individuals, groups or societies interact in an effort to receive a reward or a return for their actions
Dating, friendship, family life, politics all involve exchanges
Reciprocity
Exchange theory:
Theorists believe that people are motivated by self- interests in their interactions with other people

3. Competition
Two or more persons or groups oppose each other to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Feature of western socieities
Capitalist economic system
Democratic forms of government
Viewed by sociologists as a positive means of motivating people to perform society's needed roles
Negative side: can lead to psychological stress, lack of cooperation in social relationships, inequality, and even conflict

4. Conflict
Deliberate attempt to control by force, oppose, harm or resist the will of another person or persons
Few rules of conduct and these are often ignored
Range from deliberate snubbing to the killing of an enemy
Positive: serves useful purposes to reinforce group boundaries and strengthen loyalty by focusing attention on an outside threat; draws attention away from internal problems; can lead to social change by bringing problems to the forefront
Sociologist Georg Simmel identified four sources of conflict:
Wars
Conflicts within groups
Legal disputes
Clashes over ideology: religion or politics

5. Cooperation
Two or more persons or groups work together to achieve a goal that will benefit many people
Social progress that gets things done
No group can complete its tasks or achieve its goals without cooperation from its members
May motivate members to work harder for the group

6. Accommodation State of balance between cooperation and conflict
Different forms of accommodation:
Compromise: two or more parties both give up something to come to a mutual agreement
Truce: brings a halt to the conflict until a compromise can be reached
Mediation: third party who acts as an adviser and/or counselor in helping the two parties reach an agreement
Arbitration: third party decision maker that is binding on both parties

7. Formal Organization Structure
Formal Organization: a large, complex secondary group that has been established to achieve specific goals
Bureaucracy: ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures
Rationalization: process by which every feature of human behavior becomes subject to calculations, measurement and control

8. Weber’s Model of Bureaucracies
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and Regulation
Specific Lines of Promotion and advancement

9. Criticisms of Bureaucracies
Purpose of bureaucracies becomes self-continuation
Goals of individual may be lost
Continue to exist with very little change, regardless of particular problems
Individuals develop bureaucratic personalities
‘Red Tape’
Tendency to result in OLIGARCHIES
Iron Law of Oligarchy by Robert Michels tendency to become increasingly dominated

10. Relationships in Formal Organizations
Effective?
Ineffective?
Offer reasonable prices for production volumes
Clearly define job tasks and rewards
Provide stability, individuals come and go but organization continues
Way to large to coordinate people to achieve large-scale goals
Purpose: Self-continuation and goals of individuals may be lost