1. The Restoration 1625-1798 Charles II (r. 1625-1649)

2. The English Civil War Charles I’s clashes with Parliament led to revolt and his execution in 1649. The Puritan Oliver Cromwell and Parliament ruled until Cromwell’s death in 1658, but his policies had alienated much of the country.

3. The Restoration of the Monarchy Tired of the wars and contention of the past 20 years, Parliament invited Charles II back from exile In France Charles brought back with him a love of fashion, theater, and the arts.

4. More Trouble James II succeeded Charles II in 1685. A devout Catholic, James clashed with Parliament over religion.

5. The Glorious Revolution In 1688 Parliament invited Mary, the protestant daughter of the king, and her husband, William of Orange to rule jointly. Charles II fled to France, no blood was shed, and there was much rejoicing.

6. Limiting Royal Power In 1689 Parliament passed a bill of rights, limiting the power of the monarchy In succeeding years, a cabinet of ministers led by the prime minister would gradually begin to rule England.

7. Social Trends As agricultural practices improved, towns and cities grew because less workers were needed on farms. Industrialization and inventions after 1750 led to growth of large factories in cities and increased wealth.

8. The Enlightenment--The Age of Reason “How” questions replaced “Why” questions about nature, the human body, and the universe. Most philosophers and scientists remained very religious. View of God changed, with Deism becoming widely accepted among intellectuals.

9. Superstitions concerning natural phenomena were dispelled. The Enlightenment--The Age of Reason Edmund Halley predicted the path of comets and when they would occur.

10. By the end of this era progress, for many, was equated with misery. The Enlightenment--The Age of Reason Some began to lose faith in man’s ability to solve every problem with reason.

11. The style was witty, sophisticated, and self-conscious. Writing of the Restoration There was a fondness for satire. Aphorisms—short statements that express a viewpoint or truth—were popular. Samuel Johnson

12. Influenced by Greek and Roman writers. Writing of the Restoration Often referred to myths, gods, and heroes of ancient times. Writing is often called neoclassical. Alexander Pope