1. Theoretical Foundation of American Government & Political Landscape

2. Types of Government Type of GovDecision Maker(s) Source of Power & How it is Acquired Political Freedoms Determined Military Dictatorship DictatorMilitary thru a Coup D’EtatDictator Absolute Monarchy King/QueenDivine Right thru BirthKing/Queen Limited Monarchy King/Queen or Prime Minister Divine Right thru Birth & A Constitution thru Elections Bill of Rights OligarchySmall group of Leaders Intelligence & Wealth thru Coalition or Consensus Oligarchs Representative Democracy Pres & Rep. Group A Constitution thru ElectionsBill of Rights Direct DemocAll CitizensAll Citizens thru ElectionsAll Citizens AnarchyN/ANo one has power over anyone else Each Individual

3. Foundations of Government Hobbes’s Leviathan Reality’s natural state was war Without written, enforceable rules, people would live like animals Governments have to intrude on people’s rights and liberties to keep control (totalitarian approach) Locke’s Second Treatise on Civil Government Individuals were born equal with natural rights that no king had to power to void Government was a “social contract” between the ruler and people

4. Foundations of Government Montesquieu’s Spirit of the Laws Best government was divided into branches to check the power of the other Rousseau’s Social Contract Property rights, freedom of speech and religion, & other rights came from society not nature based on a true social contract

5. The Mayflower Compact An agreement among people signifying their consent to be governed Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence “whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends (consent of the governed, abridges the rights of life, liberty, or the pursuit of happiness), it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it.”

6. Basic Tenants of American Democracy Personal Liberty- freedom from govt. interference Equality- stress on the importance of the individual Right to vote – right to vote for gov reps Opportunities for political participation – different opportunities for people to be involved (voting, political campaigns, etc.)

7. Basic Tenants of American Democracy Popular Consent and Majority Rule- – Popular Consent- the idea that govts must draw their powers from the consent of the governed (consent = voting) – Majority Rule- only policies that collectively garner the support of a majority of voters will be made into law – Minority rights – protects some rights of the minority over the majority (freedom of speech, religion)

8. Basic Tenants of American Democracy Popular Sovereignty- the right of the majority to govern themselves – Based in natural law- society should be governed by certain ethical principles that are a part of nature and can be understood by reason – Political authority rests in the people- they can create, abolish, and alter their govts

9. Basic Tenants of American Democracy Civil Society- society created when citizens are allowed to organize and express their views publicly as they engage in an open debate about public policy Individualism- value of the individual

10. Functions of American Government Establish justice Insuring domestic tranquility Providing for the common defense Promoting for the general welfare Securing liberty

11. Contemporary Theories of American Democracy Pluralist Theory – Political system composed of group representing competitive interests – Existence of such groups creates balance Elite and Class Theory – Political system composed of the wealthy controlling government/decisions Hyperpluralism Theory – Political system has soured and powerful groups can divide government and its authority

12. Changing American Public Changing Size and Population – Grew in the addition of new states, but stable since the additions of Hawaii and Alaska (1959) – Went from 30,000 (1790) to 293 million (2005) people – Now many people feel far removed from the govt and their elected representatives – Changing Demographics of the U.S. Population – Racial and ethnic changes, population is getting older – Changes in Racial and Ethnic Composition-

13. Population Changes

14. Presidential Election Turnout Rates of Young and Old Americans, 1972-2008

15. The “Graying” of America

16. Religious Beliefs

17. Racial and Ethnic Compostion

18. Ideology of the American Public Political ideology- the coherent set of values and beliefs about the purpose and scope of govt. held by groups and individuals (liberal or conservative)

19. Conservatives Conservative- one thought to believe that a govt. is best that governs least, big govt. can only infringe on individual, personal, and economic rights Defenders of the status quo Favor local and state action over federal action Fiscal responsibility in the form of balanced budgets More churchgoing and look to govt to regulate some aspects of personal behavior Against: abortion rights, environmental requlation, gun control laws, poor, domestic unions

20. Liberals Liberal- one considered to favor extensive governmental involvement in the economy and the provision of social services and to take an activist role in protecting the rights of women, the elderly, minorities, and the environment Seeks to change the political, economic, or social status quo to foster to development and well-being of the individual Favor big govt., need for the govt. to provide social services For: abortion rights, environmental regulation, gun control laws, poor, domestic unions

21. Liberaterians Libertarian- one who favors a free market economy and no governmental inference in personal liberties Believe in the evils of big govt. Generation X-ers are very libertarian Against: enviro regulation, gun control laws, poor / For: domestic unions, abortion rights

22. Problems with Political Labels Labels an be misleading and don’t allow us to predict political opinions Most Americans’ positions on specific issues cut across liberal/ conservative lines