1. United Nations Statistics DivisionRegional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics, Amman, Jordan, 1-4 December 2014 Haoyi Chen Social and Housing Statistics Section United Nations Statistics Division Integrating a Gender Perspective into Work Statistics

2. United Nations Statistics DivisionRegional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics, Amman, Jordan, 1-4 December 2014 How to make work statistics more gender relevant? A.Ensure comprehensive coverage of gender issues –Producing data disaggregated by sex is not enough! –Identify gender issues in the world of work –Identify available data sources & gaps B.Improve quality of work statistics from a gender perspective –Frameworks, concepts, definitions that recognize differences –Methods that reduce underreporting & misclassification C.Facilitate understanding of gender differences –Highlight gender issues in presentation of data –Often requires detailed disaggregation to identify differences

3. United Nations Statistics DivisionRegional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics, Amman, Jordan, 1-4 December 2014 –Scope & objectives of work statistics –Identify gender issues –Identify data needs to address gender issues –Assess existing sources of data A. Ensure comprehensive coverage

4. United Nations Statistics DivisionRegional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics, Amman, Jordan, 1-4 December 2014 Work & Labour market statistics: Scope and objectives (19 th ICLS, 2013) Describe and monitor labour markets –Participation in employment, characteristics, working conditions –Extent of underutilization, labour market access and integration Measure & participation in all forms of work (paid & unpaid) –Contribution to economy (national accounts / satellite accounts) –Contribution to household livelihoods and wellbeing Assess differences in participation –Urban / rural, women / men, children / youth / adults, etc.

5. United Nations Statistics DivisionRegional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics, Amman, Jordan, 1-4 December 2014 Identify gender issues -Levels & patterns of work and labour market participation -Characteristics of the work -Working conditions -Contributions & returns from work Gender differences Data needs Forms of work performed (paid & unpaid) Labour force status Barriers to labour force entry Occupation, industry, employment status Union membership Occupational injuries Earnings, working time, benefits, social security Education Family constraints Intra-household & gender roles Community expectations Access to physical & financial assets Discrimination on the job market And in the workplace -Age, sex, education, marital status -Family constraints (presence of children by age groups, other dependent members, child care…) -Area context (urban /rural, regions) -Personal ownership of assets (land, livestock) -Employment experience, seniority Personal & context variables

6. United Nations Statistics DivisionRegional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics, Amman, Jordan, 1-4 December 2014 Identify gender issues: 4 dimensions 1. Forms of work (paid & unpaid) carried out 2. Labour market access / exit 3. Characteristics and conditions of work 4. Contributions and returns for their work

7. United Nations Statistics DivisionRegional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics, Amman, Jordan, 1-4 December 2014 1. Forms of work (paid & unpaid) Do they engage in work for pay or profit? –Employment Do they provide unpaid household services? –Own-use providers of services Do they engage in subsistence agriculture, fishing? –Own-use producers of goods, subsistence foodstuff producers Do they participate in unpaid community / village work? –Volunteer work

8. United Nations Statistics DivisionRegional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics, Amman, Jordan, 1-4 December 2014 Illustration: Forms of work ILO Department of Statistics 8

9. United Nations Statistics DivisionRegional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics, Amman, Jordan, 1-4 December 2014 2. Labour market access Do they have work for pay / profit ? –Employment Do they look / are available for work for pay / profit? –Unemployment Do they work for pay /profit or look for work? –Labour force Do they enter and exit the labour market? –Labour turnover, life cycle patterns

10. United Nations Statistics DivisionRegional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics, Amman, Jordan, 1-4 December 2014 Source: United Nations, 2010 Labour force participation rate, by sex

11. United Nations Statistics DivisionRegional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics, Amman, Jordan, 1-4 December 2014 3. Characteristics & conditions of their work Tasks & duties in their job - occupations Kind of goods / services produced - industries Employment relationship - status in employment Security and stability – contract type, duration Type of employer - institutional sector Type of establishment –formal, informal, household Type of place where they work - place of work Hazardousness of their work – occupational injuries, illnesses Voice and representation– union density, collective agreements Benefits provided -social security coverage, maternity leave

12. United Nations Statistics DivisionRegional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics, Amman, Jordan, 1-4 December 2014 Source: ILO Department of statistics Illustration: Occupations with highest concentration of women / men

13. United Nations Statistics DivisionRegional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics, Amman, Jordan, 1-4 December 2014 13 4. Contributions & returns for their work Working time –Hours worked, working time arrangements Income from employment –Wages, salaries, commissions, tips –Profits / losses –Overtime payments, other regular & irregular payments –Social security benefits Contribution to households, community & economy –Value of production for own-final use –Value of paid and unpaid work to national production & satellite accounts

14. United Nations Statistics DivisionRegional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics, Amman, Jordan, 1-4 December 2014 Illustration: time spent on paid and unpaid work Source: World’s Women 2010

15. United Nations Statistics DivisionRegional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics, Amman, Jordan, 1-4 December 2014 Unpaid work in GDP

16. United Nations Statistics DivisionRegional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics, Amman, Jordan, 1-4 December 2014 ILO Department of Statistics 16 Official sources of work statistics Different sources exist, with different purposes –Population and housing census –Household surveys –Labour force surveys (LFS) –Household income & expenditure surveys (HIES) –Time-use surveys (TUS) –Establishment-based censuses & surveys –Administrative records

17. United Nations Statistics DivisionRegional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics, Amman, Jordan, 1-4 December 2014 - Frameworks, concepts, definitions that recognize gender differences - Methods that reduce underreporting & misclassification Improve quality of work statistics

18. United Nations Statistics DivisionRegional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics, Amman, Jordan, 1-4 December 2014 New work statistics framework (Resolution I, 19 th ICLS, 2013) Address gender bias in recognition of ALL work (paid and unpaid) –Make visible participation patterns & quantify contributions Inform policies targeting different forms of work, paid & unpaid –Working conditions, remuneration, social protection, work life balance, social inclusion & cohesion

19. United Nations Statistics DivisionRegional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics, Amman, Jordan, 1-4 December 2014 Forms of Work (III): 5 distinguished By main intended destination & transaction type Work (i.e. ALL activities to produce goods and services) For own final use (by households) Own-use production work For use by others (i.e. other units) For remuneration (i.e. for pay or profit) Employment (work for pay or profit) Without remuneration Unpaid trainee work Other work activities (e.g. unpaid compulsory work) Volunteer work Source: ILO Services GoodsSGS G G S Services Goods

20. United Nations Statistics DivisionRegional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics, Amman, Jordan, 1-4 December 2014 Illustration: Participation of WAP in different forms of work (%) Source: ILO

21. United Nations Statistics DivisionRegional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics, Amman, Jordan, 1-4 December 2014 Illustration: Own use providers of services by sex and activity cluster (%WAP) Source: ILO calculations based on national data (LFS-CWIQ, 2010) Most unpaid household services predominantly performed by women, except for household repairs

22. United Nations Statistics DivisionRegional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics, Amman, Jordan, 1-4 December 2014 Classification by: Main reason for not being in labour market Personal reasons –Own illness, disability –Studies, training Family related reasons –Pregnancy, family or household responsibilities –Refusal by family Labour market reasons –Past failure in finding a job, gave up looking for jobs –Lack of experience, qualifications or jobs matching skills –Lack of jobs in the area –Considered too young or too old by prospective employers Lack of infrastructure –No roads, transport, employment services in the area Other sources of income –Pensions, rents Discouragement Social barriers

23. United Nations Statistics DivisionRegional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics, Amman, Jordan, 1-4 December 2014 To reduce underreporting & misclassification Issues in measurement 23

24. United Nations Statistics DivisionRegional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics, Amman, Jordan, 1-4 December 2014 Reduce gender biases in data collection Instrument design –Add probes (questions) and examples to better capture activities likely to be underreported (secondary, casual, part/-time self-employment jobs) –Use reference periods that take account of different gender roles Field operations –Interviewer training (raise awareness of concepts, activities likely to go unreported, social expectations & roles, multiple activities of women) –Mixed teams of interviewers (men / women) –Avoid proxy responses, reduce interviewer interpretation by providing full questions to be read verbatim Data processing, coding –Collect detailed information for industry and occupation –Reduce coding based on assumptions of typical gendered occupations

25. United Nations Statistics DivisionRegional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics, Amman, Jordan, 1-4 December 2014 Suggested activities for gender units and gender focal points Review questionnaires, manuals & training for surveys and censuses: Work topics covered (main topics + causal factors) Use of additional questions on “WHY – not working, not seeking work etc.) Use of probing questions, activity lists / sketches Examples given in the manuals (should be free of gender bias) Degree of details used in classifications Coverage of gender aspects in the training Discuss data quality with survey/census team Get involved in data quality assessments at the end of data collection Careful assessment of data for adequate interpretation

26. United Nations Statistics DivisionRegional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics, Amman, Jordan, 1-4 December 2014 Highlight gender issues in presentation of data Detailed disaggregation to identify differences Facilitate understanding of gender differences

27. United Nations Statistics DivisionRegional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics, Amman, Jordan, 1-4 December 2014 Basic table for gender analysis Title WomenMenSex distribution N%N%W%M A B C Total100 Source…

28. United Nations Statistics DivisionRegional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics, Amman, Jordan, 1-4 December 2014 Group exercise Using the handout provided, do the following: 1.Identify key gender issue(s) 2.Determine key message(s) to be highlighted 3.Propose a title / heading that highlights the gender issue shown 4.Draft a short paragraph explaining key message(s) 5.Discuss its relevance for labour market and social policies 6.Was the information provided sufficient? -If no, which additional information is needed?

29. United Nations Statistics DivisionRegional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics, Amman, Jordan, 1-4 December 2014 37%

30. United Nations Statistics DivisionRegional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics, Amman, Jordan, 1-4 December 2014 http://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/default.html Visit us at: